Remotely sensed data can reinforce the abilities of water resources researchers and decision makers to monitor waterbodies more effectively. Remote sensing techniques have been widely used to measure the qualitative parameters of waterbodies (i.e., suspended sediments, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), chlorophyll-a, and pollutants). A large number of different sensors on board various satellites and other platforms, such as airplanes, are currently used to measure the amount of radiation at different wavelengths reflected from the water’s surface. In this review paper, various properties (spectral, spatial and temporal, etc.) of the more commonly employed spaceborne and airborne sensors are tabulated to be used as a sensor selection guide. Furthermore, this paper investigates the commonly used approaches and sensors employed in evaluating and quantifying the eleven water quality parameters. The parameters include: chlorophyll-a (chl-a), colored dissolved organic matters (CDOM), Secchi disk depth (SDD), turbidity, total suspended sediments (TSS), water temperature (WT), total phosphorus (TP), sea surface salinity (SSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD).

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A Comprehensive Review on Water Quality Parameters Estimation Using Remote Sensing Techniques.

The proposed Update is for Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods, SW-846, Third Edition. Attached to the report is a list of methods included in the proposed update indicating whether the method is a new method, a partially revised method, or a totally revised method. Do not discard or replace any of the current pages in the SW-846 manual until the proposed update I package is promulgated. Until promulgation of the update package, the methods in the update package are not officially part of the SW-846 manual and thus do not carry the status of EPA-approved methods. In addition to the proposed Update, six finalized methods are included for immediate inclusion into the Third Edition of SW-846. Four methods, originally proposed October 1, 1984, will be finalized in a soon to be released rulemaking. They are, however, being submitted to subscribers for the first time in the update. These methods are 7211, 7381, 7461, and 7951. Two other methods were finalized in the 2nd Edition of SW-846. They were inadvertantly omitted from the 3rd Edition and are not being proposed as new. These methods are 7081 and 7761.

Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods. First Update. (3rd edition)

A review of emerging adsorbents and current demand for defluoridation of water: Bright future in water sustainability.

Metallic iron for environmental remediation: A review of reviews.

Crystal violet dye sorption over acrylamide/graphene oxide bonded sodium alginate nanocomposite hydrogel.

Removal of anionic and cationic dyes from wastewater by adsorption using multiwall carbon nanotubes

At present, there is a little well-established irrigation water quality index (IWQI) for surface water in arid and semi-arid regions. Thus, the current work focused on establishing since-based weights of parameters adopted by FAO 29 guideline to develop IWQI based on the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI). The new index was then applied in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt as a case study. Forty-five geo-referenced water samples were collected from canals and drains during winter, spring, summer, and autumn of 2018 and analyzed for twenty-two parameters. Data were subjected to correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and factor analysis (FA). Weights were assigned for initial parameters based on PCA and FA to calculate IWQI-1 and IWQI-2, respectively. The two models resulted in similar trend and showed low to good water quality, with IWQI-2 being more recommended. The initial input parameters were reduced to finally shortlisted seven ones, including Na+, Zn, pH, HCO 3 − , As, NO 3 − , and B. These parameters showed better performance in representing water quality their when weights were derived from PCA rather than FA. Integrated use of PCA/FA and IWQI would make water quality control rapid, low-cost, less biased and more objective to form a base of sustainable development programs in the studied area.

Using multivariate analysis to develop irrigation water quality index for surface water in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt

This research aimed at assessing the approaching of Multi-Spectral Remote Sensing (MS-RS) data for estimating water quality (WQ) of Rosetta branch (RB) using stepwise regression technique. The methodology was based on developing an algorithm for estimating WQ using the Worldview-2 bands reflectance. Results showed that the optical WQ parameters as total suspended solids (TSS) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) were acceptably estimated using MS-RS data with high confident. The optical WQ parameters are the most likely affecting the reflected radiation that sensed by the satellite. However, this research expanded to select non-optical WQ parameters such as pH value and biological demand (BOD) that is less likely affecting the radiation reflectance, nevertheless, still correlated to optical WQ parameters. The determination coefficient showed significant high values for ortho-phosphate (OP), total dissolved solids (TDS), Chl-a and pH with different mathematical formulations depending on pollution level. The results showed that, it is promising to perform routine WQ monitoring programs on different water bodies, even for those has relative narrow width as RB, using MS-RS data.

Statistical estimation of Rosetta branch water quality using multi-spectral data

The reduced availability of water resources in Egypt has imposed the need to intensify the use of wastewater for crop irrigation in the alluvial soils. Relevant effects can derive from contents of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in supply resources soils, crops, and groundwater in these areas. For this reason the PTM content has to be monitored to evaluate and minimize health hazards. Therefore, in this context, two areas of the SE Nile Delta subjected to 25 year of wastewater irrigation, using agricultural drainage water (ADW) and mixed wastewater (MWW) were chosen and compared with a nearby site irrigated with Nile freshwater (NFW). At each of the three sites, ten samples of irrigation water, topsoil, berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) plants, and seven groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn. Results indicate that the total contents of Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn in soils collected from the three sampling sites and Pb in the MWW-irrigated soils were higher than their average natural contents in the earth’s crust, indicating potential risks. The DTPA-extractable contents of Cu in the three sites, in addition to Pb and Zn in the MWW-irrigated soils, exceeded the safe limits. The MWW-irrigated soils showed a considerable degree of metal contamination, while the NFW- and ADW-irrigated soils showed moderate and low levels of contamination, respectively. The contents of the six PTMs in the three sites showed low individual ecological risks, except for Pb in the MWW-irrigated soils that showed a moderate risk; however, the overall ecological risk remained low in all samples. The values of Co, Cu, and Ni in berseem shoot in addition to Pb from the MWW-irrigated soils were over the maximum permissible levels for animal feeding. Values of root-to-shoot translocation factor were lower than 1.0 for Cr, Co and Ni but higher than 1.0 for Cu, Pb, and Zn. Berssem plant is a good candidate for phytofiltration of Cr, Co and Ni, while for extracting Cu, Pb and Zn from polluted soils. The groundwater samples collected from the three sampling sites showed lower metal concentrations than the safe limits for drinking standards. Further remediation studies should be taken into account to alleviate potential environmental and health-related risks when using supply resources different from freshwater.

Accumulation of Potentially Toxic Metals in Egyptian Alluvial Soils, Berseem Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), and Groundwater after Long-Term Wastewater Irrigation

Excessive intake of fluoride can cause adverse effects on human health. In this study, nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI) was prepared and applied to remove excessive fluoride from water. The experiments were conducted in a batch system and the effects of pH, contact time, and the concentrations of fluoride and nanoscale zero valent iron doses were investigated. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) images show synthesized nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has a size in the range of 50–100 nm. The experimental results revealed that the removal efficiency of fluoride was increased with increasing nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI) dosage and reaction time, but decreased with increasing initial concentration and initial solution pH. The removal rate of fluoride reached 84 % in 35 min with nanoscale zero valent (nZVI) dosage of 0.6 g/l and pH 4. The isothermic data were found to be well described by Freundlich model. The maximum loading capacity as estimated by Langmuir model was 18.91 mg/g. Overall, the results obtained indicate that nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI) could be effectively used for removal of fluoride from contaminated water.

Hossam S. Jahin

Papers

Removal of anionic and cationic dyes from wastewater by adsorption using multiwall carbon nanotubes

Using multivariate analysis to develop irrigation water quality index for surface water in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt

Statistical estimation of Rosetta branch water quality using multi-spectral data

Accumulation of Potentially Toxic Metals in Egyptian Alluvial Soils, Berseem Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), and Groundwater after Long-Term Wastewater Irrigation

Fluoride removal from water using nanoscale zero- valent iron (nzvi)