Network Simulator NS2

This work aims to provide a review of the routing protocols in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) from routing algorithms to their evaluation approaches. We provide five different taxonomies of routing protocols. First, we classify them based on their transmission strategy into three categories: unicast, geocast, and broadcast ones. Second, we classify them into four categories based on information required to perform routing: topology-, position-, map-, and path-based ones. Third, we identify them in delay-sensitive and delay-tolerant ones. Fourth, we discuss them according to their applicability in different dimensions, i.e., 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D. Finally, we discuss their target networks, i.e., homogeneous and heterogeneous ones. As the evaluation is also a vital part in IoV routing protocol studies, we examine the evaluation approaches, i.e., simulation and real-world experiments. IoV includes not only the traditional vehicular ad hoc networks, which usually involve a small-scale and homogeneous network, but also a much larger scale and heterogeneous one. The composition of classical routing protocols and latest heterogeneous network approaches is a promising topic in the future. This work should motivate IoV researchers, practitioners, and new comers to develop IoV routing protocols and technologies.

Routing in Internet of Vehicles: A Review

Vehicular transportation is an essential part of modern cities. However, the ever increasing number of road accidents, traffic congestion, and other such issues become obstacles for the realization of smart cities. As the integration of the Internet of Vehicles and social networks, vehicular social networks (VSNs) are promising to solve the above-mentioned problems by enabling smart mobility in modern cities, which are likely to pave the way for sustainable development by promoting transportation efficiency. In this article, the definition of and a brief introduction to VSNs are presented first. Existing supporting communication technologies are then summarized. Furthermore, we introduce an application scenario on trajectory data-analysis-based traffic anomaly detection for VSNs. Finally, several research challenges and open issues are highlighted and discussed.

Vehicular Social Networks: Enabling Smart Mobility

Several systems can be modeled as sets of interconnected networks or networks with multiple types of connections, here generally called multilayer networks. Spreading processes such as information propagation among users of online social networks, or the diffusion of pathogens among individuals through their contact network, are fundamental phenomena occurring in these networks. However, while information diffusion in single networks has received considerable attention from various disciplines for over a decade, spreading processes in multilayer networks is still a young research area presenting many challenging research issues. In this paper, we review the main models, results and applications of multilayer spreading processes and discuss some promising research directions.

/pdf/spreading-processes-in-multilayer-networks-22kzt592s4.pdf

Spreading Processes in Multilayer Networks

Security for 4G and 5G cellular networks

Dedication. Preface. Foreword Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Wi-Fi : architecture and functions. WLAN roadmap via 802.11 family evolution. IEEE 802.11 architecture. Different physical layers. Data link layer. Medium access control layer. Functions. Mobility. Security. The 802.11 family and its derivative standards. Wi-Fi and other technologies, concurrency or complementarity? Chapter 3. Bluetooth: architecture and functions. Introduction. Architecture and throughputs. Physical Layer and physical channels. Baseband Layer. LMP (Link Manager Protocol). L2CAP (Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol). RFCOMM protocol. SDP Service Discorvery Protocol. Profiles. HCI (Host Control Interface). NEP (Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol). Conclusion. Chapter 4. IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee. General architecture. Physical layer. MAC layer. Security. Frame structures. ZigBee. Conclusion. Chapter 5. WiMAX (tm) and IEEE 802.16. Introduction. MAC layer. Physical layer. Chapter 6. Security in WLAN, WPAN, WSN and WMAN through Wi-Fi (tm), Bluetooth (tm), Zigbee(tm) and WiMAX(tm). Security in Wi-Fi systems. Security in Bluetooth systems. ZigBee Security. WiMAX and 802.16 security. Conclusion. Chapter 7. Practicing. Mastering the TinyOS platform. Practicing WiMAX equipment. Appendix A. Structure of 802.11 packets at various physical layers. Appendix B. 802.11MAC frames structure. Glossary. References.

Wi-Fi(tm), Bluetooth(tm), Zigbee(tm) and WiMax(tm)

Connected and automated vehicles aim to improve the comfort and the safety of the driver and passengers. To this end, car manufacturers continually improve actual standardized methods to ensure their customers safety, privacy, and vehicles security. However, these methods do not support fully autonomous vehicles, linkability and confusion threats. To address such gaps, we propose a systematic threat analysis and risk assessment framework, SARA, which comprises an improved threat model, a new attack method/asset map, the involvement of the attacker in the attack tree, and a new driving system observation metric. Finally, we demonstrate its feasibility in assessing risk with two use cases: Vehicle Tracking and Comfortable Emergency Brake Failure.

SARA: Security Automotive Risk Analysis Method

In this work, we investigate upon the potential of considering the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) for cellular traffic offloading as an alternative to Wi-Fi and femtoCells approaches. We propose an analytical study based on an optimization problem formulation called VOPP where the objective is to elect the maximum number of data flows that could be routed to the downloaders through the Vehicular Network (VANET). VOPP considers the link availability between the infrastructure and the downloader, the medium contention, interferences, data volume, gateways capacity and the channel aggregation to evaluate the VANET capacity to support additional traffics. Numerical results of our analytical approach show that the data offloading fraction is closely tied to the data volume of the flows and to the vehicles positions and VANET topology.

VOPP: A VANET offloading potential prediction model

We focus on one critical issue in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that is quality-of-service (QoS) routing. MANETs are formed by an autonomous collection of mobile nodes constructing dynamic networks and communicating over wireless links. In this context, we propose a novel routing protocol named QoS adaptive source routing protocol (QoS-ASR). It is an adaptive soft-QoS protocol with aggregate flows. It applies the source routing mechanism defined by the dynamic source routing (DSR) unicast protocol to avoid channel overhead and to improve scalability. QoS-ASR handles QoS criteria taking into account application requirements (link transmission delay, available bandwidth, packet loss rate) combined with network state related constraints (battery life, link stability, node congestion state). The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated via simulations and is compared to DSR.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/8066/22309/01040564.pdf

QoS-ASR: an adaptive source routing protocol with QoS support in multihop mobile wireless networks

The past few years have seen an increasing interest in the development of vehicular ad hoc networks resulting in many routing protocols proposals. Scalability issues in such networks are attracting increasing attention these days. To improve data delivery performance in large scale networks, we propose SIFT, a trajectory based routing scheme that requires sparse infrastructure and rely on low quality information. It merely uses the trajectory and the location of the last node that forwarded the packet to forward a data packet from a source to a destination. SIFT is evaluated against DREAM, a well-known routing protocol from the literature through realistic simulations using Omnet++. Simulation results demonstrate that under dense deployment, using a realistic mobility model scenario, the proposed scheme performs better in terms of delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and route length.

http://biblio.telecom-paristech.fr/cgi-bin/download.cgi?id=10136

Houda Labiod

Papers

Wi-Fi(tm), Bluetooth(tm), Zigbee(tm) and WiMax(tm)

SARA: Security Automotive Risk Analysis Method

VOPP: A VANET offloading potential prediction model

QoS-ASR: an adaptive source routing protocol with QoS support in multihop mobile wireless networks

An Efficient Scalable Trajectory Based Forwarding Scheme for VANETs