Biohydrogen production: prospects and limitations to practical application

Phenolic compounds are well-known phytochemicals found in all plants. They consist of simple phenols, benzoic and cinnamic acid, coumarins, tannins, lignins, lignans and flavonoids. Substantial developments in research focused on the extraction, identification and quantification of phenolic compounds as medicinal and/or dietary molecules have occurred over the last 25 years. Organic solvent extraction is the main method used to extract phenolics. Chemical procedures are used to detect the presence of total phenolics, while spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques are utilized to identify and quantify individual phenolic compounds. This review addresses the application of different methodologies utilized in the analysis of phenolic compounds in plant-based products, including recent technical developments in the quantification of phenolics.

/pdf/techniques-for-analysis-of-plant-phenolic-compounds-3co9l3slyg.pdf

Techniques for analysis of plant phenolic compounds.

The electrochemical reduction of CO2 is a promising route to convert intermittent renewable energy to storable fuels and valuable chemical feedstocks. To scale this technology for industrial implementation, a deepened understanding of how the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) proceeds will help converge on optimal operating parameters. Here, a techno-economic analysis is presented with the goal of identifying maximally profitable products and the performance targets that must be met to ensure economic viability-metrics that include current density, Faradaic efficiency, energy efficiency, and stability. The latest computational understanding of the CO2 RR is discussed along with how this can contribute to the rational design of efficient, selective, and stable electrocatalysts. Catalyst materials are classified according to their selectivity for products of interest and their potential to achieve performance targets is assessed. The recent progress and opportunities in system design for CO2 electroreduction are described. To conclude, the remaining technological challenges are highlighted, suggesting full-cell energy efficiency as a guiding performance metric for industrial impact.

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Electrochemical CO2 Reduction into Chemical Feedstocks: From Mechanistic Electrocatalysis Models to System Design.

Building information model based energy/exergy performance assessment in early design stages

An examination of regenerative organic Rankine cycles using dry fluids

1 Getting Started: Introductory Concepts and Definitions. 1.1 Using Thermodynamics. 1.2 Defining Systems. 1.3 Describing Systems and Their Behavior. 1.4 Measuring Mass, Length, Time, and Force. 1.5 Specific Volume. 1.6 Pressure. 1.7 Temperature. Chapter Summary and Study Guide. 2 Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics. 2.1 Reviewing Mechanical Concepts of Energy. 2.2 Broadening Our Understanding of Work. 2.3 Broadening Our Understanding of Energy. 2.4 Energy Transfer by Heat. 2.5 Energy Accounting: Energy Balance for Closed Systems. 2.6 Energy Analysis of Cycles. Chapter Summary and Study Guide. 3 Evaluating Properties. 3.1 Getting Started. Evaluating Properties: General Considerations. 3.2 p-v-T Relation. 3.3 Studying Phase Change. 3.4 Retrieving Thermodynamic Properties. 3.5 Evaluating Pressure, Specific Volume, and Temperature. 3.6 Evaluating Specific Internal Energy and Enthalpy. 3.7 Evaluating Properties Using Computer Software. 3.8 Applying the Energy Balance Using Property Tables and Software. Chapter Summary and Study Guide. 4 Control Volume Analysis Using Energy. 4.1 Conservation of Mass for a Control Volume. 4.2 Forms of the Mass Rate Balance. 4.3 Applications of the Mass Rate Balance. 4.4 Conservation of Energy for a Control Volume. Chapter Summary and Study Guide. 5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics. 5.1 Introducing the Second Law. 5.2 Statements of the Second Law. 5.3 Identifying Irreversibilities. 5.4 Interpreting the Kelvin-Planck Statement. 5.5 Applying the Second Law to Thermodynamic Cycles. 5.6 Second Law Aspects of Power Cycles Interacting with Two Reservoirs. Chapter Summary and Study Guide. 6 Using Entropy. 6.1 Entropy-A System Property. 6.2 Retrieving Entropy Data. 6.3 Introducing the T dS Equations. 6.4 Entropy Change of an Incompressible Substance. 6.5 Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas. 6.6 Entropy Change in Internally Reversible Processes of Closed Systems. 6.7 Entropy Balance for Closed Systems. 6.8 Directionality of Processes. 6.9 Entropy Rate Balance for Control Volumes. Steady-State Flow Processes. Chapter Summary and Study Guide. 7 Exergy Analysis. 7.1 Introducing Exergy. 7.2 Conceptualizing Exergy. 7.3 Exergy of a System. 7.4 Closed System Exergy Balance. 7.5 Exergy Rate Balance for Control Volumes at Steady State. 7.6 Exergetic (Second Law) Efficiency. 7.7 Thermoeconomics. Chapter Summary and Study Guide. 8 Vapor Power Systems. 8.1 Modeling Vapor Power Systems. 8.2 Analyzing Vapor Power Systems-Rankine Cycle. 8.3 Improving Performance-Superheat and Reheat. 8.4 Improving Performance-Regenerative Vapor Power Cycle. 8.5 Other Vapor Cycle Aspects. 8.6 Case Study: Exergy Accounting of a Vapor Power Plant. Chapter Summary and Study Guide. 9 Gas Power Systems. Internal Combustion Engines. 9.1 Introducing Engine Terminology. 9.2 Air-Standard Otto Cycle. 9.3 Air-Standard Diesel Cycle. 9.4 Air-Standard Dual Cycle. Gas Turbine Power Plants. 9.5 Modeling Gas Turbine Power Plants. 9.6 Air-Standard Brayton Cycle. 9.7 Regenerative Gas Turbines. 9.8 Regenerative Gas Turbines with Reheat and Intercooling. 9.9 Gas Turbines for Aircraft Propulsion. 9.10 Combined Gas Turbine-Vapor Power Cycle. Chapter Summary and Study Guide. 10 Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems. 10.1 Vapor Refrigeration Systems. 10.2 Analyzing Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Systems. 10.3 Refrigerant Properties. 10.4 Cascade and Multistage Vapor-Compression Systems. 10.5 Absorption Refrigeration. 10.6 Heat Pump Systems. 10.7 Gas Refrigeration Systems. Chapter Summary and Study Guide. 11 Thermodynamic Relations. 11.1 Using Equations of State. 11.2 Important Mathematical Relations. 11.3 Developing Property Relations. 11.4 Evaluating Changes in Entropy, Internal Energy, and Enthalpy. 11.5 Other Thermodynamic Relations. 11.6 Constructing Tables of Thermodynamic Properties. Charts for Enthalpy and Entropy. 11.8 p-v-T Relations for Gas Mixtures. 11.9 Analyzing Multicomponent Systems. Chapter Summary and Study Guide. 12 Ideal Gas Mixture and Psychrometric Applications. Ideal Gas Mixtures: General Considerations. 12.1 Describing Mixture Composition. 12.2 Relating p, V, and T for Ideal Gas Mixtures. 12.3 Evaluating U, H, S, and Specific Heats. 12.4 Analyzing Systems Involving Mixtures. Psychrometric Applications. 12.5 Introducing Psychrometric Principles. 12.6 Psychrometers: Measuring the Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures. 12.7 Psychrometric Charts. 12.8 Analyzing Air-Conditioning Processes. 12.9 Cooling Towers. Chapter Summary and Study Guide. 13 Reacting Mixtures and Combustion. Combustion Fundamentals. 13.1 Introducing Combustion. 13.2 Conservation of Energy-Reacting Systems. 13.3 Determining the Adiabatic Flame Temperature. 13.4 Fuel Cells. 13.5 Absolute Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics. Chemical Exergy. 13.6 Introducing Chemical Exergy. 13.7 Standard Chemical Exergy. 13.8 Exergy Summary. 13.9 Exergetic (Second Law) Efficiencies of Reacting Systems. Chapter Summary and Study Guide. 14 Chemical and Phase Equilibrium. Equilibrium Fundamentals. 14.1 Introducing Equilibrium Criteria. Chemical Equilibrium. 14.2 Equation of Reaction Equilibrium. 14.3 Calculating Equilibrium Compositions. 14.4 Further Examples of the Use of the Equilibrium Constant. Phase Equilibrium. 14.5 Equilibrium Between Two Phases of a Pure Substance. 14.6 Equilibrium of Multicomponent, Multiphase Systems. Chapter Summary and Study Guide. Appendix Tables, Figures, and Charts. Index to Tables in SI Units. Index to Tables in English Units. Index to Figures and Charts. Index. Answers to Selected Problems: Visit the student.

/pdf/fundamentals-of-engineering-thermodynamics-53vy9y13f0.pdf

Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics

1. What is Thermal Systems Engineering? 2. Getting Started in Thermodynamics: Introductory Concepts & Definitions. 3. Using Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics. 4. Evaluating Properties. 5. Control Volume Analysis Using Energy. 6. The Second Law of Thermodynamics. 7. Using Entropy. 8. Vapor Power and Refrigeration Systems. 9. Gas Power Systems. 10. Psychrometric Applications (CD only). 11. Getting Started in Fluid Mechanics: Fluid Statics. 12. The Momentum and Mechanical Energy Equations. 13. Similitudes, Dimensional Analysis and Modeling. 14. Viscous Flow in Pipes and Over Immersed Bodies. 15. Gettign Started in Heat Transfer: Heat Transfer Modes and Their Rate Equations. 16. Heat Transfer by Conduction. 17. Heat Transfer by Convection. 18. Heat Transfer by Radiation. Appendix. Tables, Figures, and Charts.

Introduction to Thermal Systems Engineering: Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, and Heat Transfer

[TEST ITEM ONLY] Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics

Buku teks ini menyajikan pembahasan yang mendalam dan komprehensif mengenai termodinamika teknik, yang merupakan dasar untuk mata kuliah mekanika fluida dan perpindahan kalor. buku ini juga dapat digunakan sebagai persiapan menerapkan termodinamika dalam praktik lapangan. fitur-fitur penting buku ini adalah:
*Penyampaian yang jelas dan ringkas.
*pendekatan sistematik dlaam penyelesaian soal, mendorong pola berfikir sistematik
*hukum kedua termodinamika, termasuk konsep produksi entropi, dikembangkan secara sistematik.
*cara penyampaian analisis exergi telah di pebarui, demikian pula penegnalan menegnai energi exergi kimia.
*penekanan pada aplikasi, dengan pengembangan aplikasi termodinamika.seperti padaa siklus daya dan refrijerasi, psikrometrik dan pembakaran.
*Sekitar 1300 soal pada akhir bab.
penekanan pada perancangan yang disesuaikan dengan kenyataan: kasus diskusi juga disertakan.
*Fleksibilitas dalam satuan, baik satuan S1, maupun satuan inggris.
*integrasi dengan program perangkat lunak komputer interactive thermodynamics: IT untuk membantu menghitung soal-soal termodinamika dengan komputer.

Howard N. Shapiro

Papers

Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics

Introduction to Thermal Systems Engineering: Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, and Heat Transfer

[TEST ITEM ONLY] Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics

Termodinamika Teknik (Jilid 2, Edisi 4)

Principles of Engineering Thermodynamics (SI version)