Two aspects of translation were investigated: (1) factors that affect translation quality, and (2) how equivalence between source and target versions can be evaluated. The variables of language, content, and difficulty were studied through an analysis of variance design. Ninety-four bilinguals from the University of Guam, representing ten languages, translated or back-translated six essays incorporating three content areas and two levels of difficulty. The five criteria for equivalence were based on comparisons of meaning or predictions of similar responses to original or translated versions. The factors of content, difficulty, language and content-language interaction were significant, and the five equivalence criteria proved workable. Conclusions are that translation quality can be predicted, and that a functionally equivalent translation can be demonstrated when responses to the original and target versions are studied.

Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research

Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

Research on the relation between attitude and behavior is examined in light of the correspondence between attitudinal and behavioral entities. Such entities are defined by their target, action, context, and time elements. A review of available empirical research supports the contention that strong attitude-behavior relations dre obtained only under high correspondence between at least the target and action elements of the attitudinal and behavioral entities. This conclusion is compared with the rather pessimistic assessment of the utility of the attitude concept found in much contemporary social psychological literature.

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Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research.

Confirmation bias, as the term is typically used in the psychological literature, connotes the seeking or interpreting of evidence in ways that are partial to existing beliefs, expectations, or a h...

/pdf/confirmation-bias-a-ubiquitous-phenomenon-in-many-guises-18m0fi8wck.pdf

Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises:

Cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life measures: literature review and proposed guidelines.

Scope and Method Question Order and Response Order Open versus Closed Questions The Assessment of No Opinion The Fine Line between Attitudes and Nonattitudes Measuring a Middle Position Balance and Imbalance in Questions The Acquiescence Quagmire Passionate Attitudes Intensity, Centrality, and Committed Action Attitude Strength and the Concept of Crystallization Tone of Wording Some Final Thoughts on Survey Research and Research on Surveys Appendix A: Mysteries of Replication and Non-Replication Appendix B: Special Sampling and Interviewing Problems Appendix C: Education and Information Measures Appendix D: Additional Items and Codes Bearing on Acquiescence

Questions and Answers in Attitude Surveys: Experiments on Question Form, Wording, and Context

Perspectives and Historical Background Problems in Studying Changes in Racial Attitudes Trends in White Racial Attitudes Sources of Change in White Racial Attitudes Trends in Black Racial Attitudes Theoretical Interpretations of White Trends Conclusions Appendix A: Locating and Selecting Trend Questions Appendix B: Statistical Testing Procedures Notes References Index of Survey Questions Index

Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations

Questions and answers in attitude surveys

When discussing large social trends or experiences, we tend to group people into generations. But what does it mean to be part of a generation, and what gives that group meaning and coherence? It's collective memory, say Amy Corning and Howard Schuman, and in Generations and Collective Memory, they draw on an impressive range of research to show how generations share memories of formative experiences, and how understanding the way those memories form and change can help us understand society and history. Their key finding-built on historical research and interviews in the United States and seven other countries (including China, Japan, Germany, Lithuania, Russia, Israel, and Ukraine)-is that our most powerful generational memories are of shared experiences in adolescence and early adulthood, like the 1963 Kennedy assassination for those born in the 1950s or the fall of the Berlin Wall for young people in 1989. But there are exceptions to that rule, and they're significant: Corning and Schuman find that epochal events in a country, like revolutions, override the expected effects of age, affecting citizens of all ages with a similar power and lasting intensity. The picture Corning and Schuman paint of collective memory and its formation is fascinating on its face, but it also offers intriguing new ways to think about the rise and fall of historical reputations and attitudes toward political issues.

Generations and Collective Memory

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/22472/0000013.pdfSOCIAL?sequence=1

Howard Schuman

Papers

Questions and Answers in Attitude Surveys: Experiments on Question Form, Wording, and Context

Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations

Questions and answers in attitude surveys

Generations and Collective Memory

“Chocolate city, vanilla suburbs:” Will the trend toward racially separate communities continue?