The continuous increasing demand for energy and the diminishing tendency of petroleum resources has led to the search for alternative renewable and sustainable fuel. Biodiesel is best substitute for petro-diesel and also most advantageous over petro-diesel for its environmental friendliness. The quality of biodiesel fuel was found to be significant for its successful use on compression ignition engines and subsequent replacement of non-renewable fossil fuels. Conventional biodiesel separation and purification technologies were noticed to yield lower quality biodiesel fuel with resultant excessive energy and water consumptions. Membrane technology showed more potential for effective and efficient separation and purification of biodiesel. This technology need be explored for the attainment of better quality biodiesel fuels. This paper reviews the technologies used for the biodiesel separation and purification, biodiesel quality, and its effects on diesel engines. Biodiesel biodegradability, lubricity, stability, economic importance, and gaseous emissions have been discussed.

http://maghaleh2012.persiangig.com/document/amin/up2.pdf

High quality biodiesel and its diesel engine application: A review

Within the present contribution we highlight the feasibility of standard refinery units for the production of biofuels from different biomass-derived feedstock. The energy densification of biomass, as well as it’s logistics and incorporation within the refinery supply chain is thoroughly discussed. Likewise, special attention is focused on the catalytic cracking and hydrotreating of triglyceride-rich biomass feedstock, which is probably the most suitable one for co-processing in conventional refinery conversion units. However, the opportunities of other highly oxygenated feedstocks such as pyrolysis oils and sugars are also discussed. Conversion of different feedstocks into conventional liquid fuels by coupling of aqueous phase reforming (APR) with catalytic systems typical of standard petroleum refineries is also evaluated. Thus, here we review the chemistry, catalysis and challenges involved in the production of biofuels from biomass in conventional refineries.

Biomass as renewable feedstock in standard refinery units. Feasibility, opportunities and challenges

The predicted shortage of fossil fuels and related environmental concerns have recently attracted significant attention to scientific and technological issues concerning the conversion of biomass into fuels. First-generation biodiesel, obtained from vegetable oils and animal fats by transesterification, relies on commercial technology and rich scientific background, though continuous progress in this field offers opportunities for improvement. This review focuses on new catalytic systems for the transesterification of oils to the corresponding ethyl/methyl esters of fatty acids. It also addresses some innovative/emerging technologies for the production of biodiesel, such as the catalytic hydrocracking of vegetable oils to hydrocarbons. The special role of the catalyst as a key to efficient technology is outlined, together with the other important factors that affect the yield and quality of the product, including feedstock-related properties and various system conditions.

Catalytic applications in the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils.

The current status and perspectives of biofuel production via catalytic cracking of edible and non-edible oils

Biofuels have become an attractive alternative fuel because of their possible environmental benefits and the current concern over the depletion of fossil fuel sources. The demand for biofuels will rise in the future due to the rise in the price of fossil fuel, energy security reasons, environmental and economical issues. Vegetable oils are the most common feedstocks and are converted into liquid fuels due to their high energy density, liquid nature and availability as a renewable feedstock. Several types of vegetable oils with a diversified composition in fatty acids can be used. Beside edible vegetable oils, non-edible and used cooking oils have also received considerable attention because they do not compete with food sources and are less costly to procure. Beside vegetable oils, bio-oil obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass has also been upgraded through catalytic cracking process to obtain biofuel. Catalytic cracking is one of the most efficient methods to produce biofuel, especially biogasoline, by cracking of vegetable oil in the presence of suitable catalyst. The catalytic cracking of edible and non-edible oils requires the development of proper cracking catalysts and reactors for the production of biogasoline. The present article summarizes progress in the development of the technology in biofuel production viacatalytic cracking. The paper also covers the different types of feedstock suitable for the production of biofuel, potential cracking catalysts, catalytic cracking mechanisms, different types of catalytic reactors, and biofuel characteristics. Important issues like catalyst choice and reactor design must be addressed before catalytic cracking can be commercially implemented. The paper also presents the future prospects of this technology in biorefineries for the production of biofuels.

Catalytic cracking of edible and non-edible oils for the production of biofuels

Alternative Processing Technology for Converting Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats to Clean Fuels and Light Olefins

The invention relates to a reliving method of the catalytic cracking catalyst demetalization by adopting a gas phase reduction method. The method is mainly used for removing the contamination metals (Ni, V, Fe, etc.) in the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst and for recovering the activity of the catalyst. The method is mainly characterized in that the method adopts the hydrogen or refinery dry gas as the reducer and has obvious advantages compared with the H2S gas phase sulphuration used in traditional catalyst demetalization technology. The process mainly includes three steps of gas phase recovery, acid washing and water washing.

Method for the revival of catalytic cracking catalyzer metal-removing by adopting a gas-phase reduction method

A demetallization reactivation method for catalytic cracking catalysts through solid vulcanization is mainly used to eliminate the polluting metals including Ni, V and Fe etc, which are contained in vulcanizing catalytic cracking catalysts, and to recover the activity thereof. The main technical proposal of the method is to adopt the solid sulfur as the vulcanizing agent, which has the significant advantage compared with the gas vulcanization with H2S used by the catalyst demetallization techniques in the prior art. The technical procedure mainly comprises three steps including the solid vulcanization, acid pickling, and water rinsing.

Revival method for removing metal from the catalytic cracking catalyzer by using solid phase vulcanizing method

ABSTRACT Introduction: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) refers to multiple short-term high-intensity exercises. Objective: To study the impact of sprint interval training (SIT) on the athletic ability of elite rugby players. Method: 36 male rugby players from a sports college were selected. They were randomly divided into upper limb training (Group A), lower limb training (Group B), and routine training (Group C - control). Group C received routine training for six weeks. Groups A and B added SIT training based on Group C’s upper and lower limb training. Results: After training, the maximum aerobic power (MAP) in Groups A and C was significantly higher (P < 0.05), as well as the myeloperoxidase (MPO) of lower limbs in group B (P < 0.05). After completing 5 and 6 sets of SIT training, blood lactic acid (BLA) was lower in group B (P <0.05). Parameters such as upper limb intermittent sprint exercise capacity and lower-limb aerobic exercise capacity did not significantly change compared with the same parameters before training (P>0.05). Conclusions: Excellent male rugby players can improve their upper limb aerobic and lower limb intermittent sprint athletic ability by integrating different methods of SIT training into their daily training. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

Experimental study on the impact of intermittent strengthening training on athletes

ABSTRACT Introduction: The main purpose of aerobic exercise is to enhance cardiopulmonary endurance, so it is necessary to build cardiopulmonary endurance response models based on different frequencies of aerobic exercise. Objective: To study the cardiopulmonary endurance response of women to different frequencies of aerobic exercise. Methods: Twenty young female desk workers (female teachers and civil servants) who worked out at a fitness club were randomly divided into two groups. Cardiopulmonary function, both before and after 16 weeks of aerobic exercise at different exercise loads, was studied and analyzed. Results: After 16 weeks of aerobic exercise at different exercise loads, all the young women had significantly improved their vital capacity (VC), and their maximum oxygen uptake ability was improved to a certain extent. Compared with the 45-minute aerobic exercise group, the vital capacity (VC)of 90-minute aerobic exercise group was significantly increased (P>0.05). Conclusions: When performed at a consistent frequency level, aerobic exercise with a relatively high exercise load can better develop the body’s respiratory system function. This may be due to deep stimulation of the respiratory system from high-load aerobic exercise, and ultimately to the intensive exercising of lung function. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

Hua Tian

Papers

Alternative Processing Technology for Converting Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats to Clean Fuels and Light Olefins

Method for the revival of catalytic cracking catalyzer metal-removing by adopting a gas-phase reduction method

Revival method for removing metal from the catalytic cracking catalyzer by using solid phase vulcanizing method

Experimental study on the impact of intermittent strengthening training on athletes

Analysis of the cardiopulmonary endurance response of women to aerobic exercise