textabstractIn Dutch: Naar een Nieuwe Wereldeconomie: voorstellen voor een internationaal economisch beleid, Rotterdam University Press, Rotterdam, 1965, XV + 335 p.\nIn Spanish: Hacia Una Economia Mundial: sugerencias para una politica economica internacional, Series Biblioteca de Economia No.7, Orbis, Barcelona, 1985, 242 p.

Shaping the World Economy. Suggestions for an International Economic Policy. By Jan Tinbergen. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1962. pp. xvii, 330. Index. 4.00, cloth.

India has experienced steady economic growth over the last two decades alongside a persistent decline in women's labor force participation (LFPR). This paper explores the relationship between economic development and women's labor supply using state-level data spanning the period 1983–4 to 2011–2. While several studies suggest a U-shaped relationship between development and women's labor force participation, our results suggest that at the state level, there is no systematic U-shaped relationship between level of domestic product and women's LFPR. On examining the relationship between the structure of the economy and women's economic activity, we find that it is not economic growth but rather the composition of growth that is relevant for women. Further, our results suggest that aggregate changes in the proportion of women in the workforce can be mostly attributed to the movement of the workforce across sectors rather than changes in the proportion of women workers within a sector.

Economic Development and Women's Labor Force Participation in India

Why is the Labour Force Participation of Women Declining in India

India has experienced rapid economic growth, structural shifts in the economy, increase in educational attainment levels, and rapid urbanization in the last twenty five years. In the same period there has been a 23% decline in the female labour force participation rate. What’s the relationship between economic growth and women’s economic activity? Is growth enough or does the nature of growth matter in attracting more women to the labour force? This paper explores these questions using state-level employment data spanning the last twenty five years, 1983-84 to 2009-10. Several cross-country and within-country studies suggest female labour force participation tends to decline initially with economic development, plateaus at a certain stage of development before rising again. This is argued to be mainly a result of structural shifts in the economy, changing influence of income and substitution effects, and an increase in education levels of women in the population. Using dynamic panel models, this paper does not find a significant relationship between level of economic development and women’s participation rates in the labour force. Our results also suggest that growth by itself is not sufficient to increase women’s economic activity, but the dynamics of growth matter. These findings are especially important to help design policies to improve women’s labour force participation rate so that India can take complete advantage of its upcoming demographic dividend.

/pdf/economic-growth-and-female-labour-force-participation-in-1kgkpaz8yj.pdf

Economic growth and female labour force participation in India

Economic literature shows significant attention towards the
 role played by female labour force in the economic development of
 nations. The structural changes of economies from agriculture to
 industrial and services sector reduce the female labour force
 participation in case of developing nations. The activities of female
 labour force increases in the later stage of economic development due to
 increase in education and dynamics of economic activity. As the size of
 the economy expands females have easier and better access of jobs thus
 are encouraged to become economically active, it leads to increase
 female participation in the productive activities. The participation of
 female labour force is desirable for both equity and efficiency reasons.
 The equity aspect shows that the women’s participation in the labour
 market ultimately improves their relative economic position, increase
 the overall economic efficiency by enhancing the development potential
 of the country. Moreover, the increasing integration of women in the
 economy helps in reducing gender disparities in education, improving
 maternal health, increasing sectoral share of female employment in
 different sectors of the economy, demonstrating the hidden contribution
 of women as unpaid family worker especially in agriculture sector.
 According to the modernisation theorists, economic development is
 positively associated with female labour force participation through
 change in the occupational structure and increase in educational
 opportunities along with the household responsibilities. The
 modernisation process is linked with increased demand for labour, a
 general social acceptance of women’s education and employment as well as
 lower fertility [Heckman (1980); Standing (1981); Bauer and Shin
 (1987)]. A body of theoretical and empirical literature provides
 evidence that female labour force participation has a positive and
 strong relationship with economic growth [Tansel (2002) and Fatima and
 Sultana (2009)].

Economic Growth-Female Labour Force Participation Nexus: An Empirical Evidence for Pakistan

Purpose – Several studies have provided empirical evidence that female labor force participation rate exhibits a U‐shape during the process of economic development. The purpose of this paper is to explore the existence of U‐shape relationship in the case of Pakistan and if it does exist, what factors determine this U‐shape relationship?Design/methodology/approach – For the estimation purpose data according to provinces and regions are pooled for three years. The model is estimated using a simple fixed effect test.Findings – The results affirm the existence of U‐shaped relationship. Estimation of the pooled data attributed this U‐shape relationship with female education attainment, sectoral employment share, unemployment rate, wages and marital status. Results confirm that high rate of economic development is encouraging the female participation in the labor force by increasing the work opportunities for females. The females are taking full advantage of these increased opportunities by increasing their lev...

Tracing out the U‐shape relationship between female labor force participation rate and economic development for Pakistan

Unemployment and low wages prevailing in the domestic market pushes female workers to look for better employment abroad. Investment in the shape of remittance further builds human capital, financial capital, and the social capital. The aim of this study is to analyze the trend of Bangladeshi female migrant flow by time and destination. In addition, the study also makes assessment of (i) economic factors (macro and labor market indicators), (ii) demographic factors, and (iii) noneconomic factors, such as religion and distance forcing females to migrate. Time series data for the period 2000 to 2012 is employed to investigate the push and pull factors of female migration. The dynamic panel data approach, generalized method of moments (GMM), is used for estimation purpose. The study concludes that skilled enhancement is a basic need for unskilled migrant. JEL Classification: F-22, J-16, J-71

/pdf/factors-influencing-migration-of-female-workers-a-case-of-30mmbzyb1g.pdf

Factors influencing migration of female workers: a case of Bangladesh

Time allocation has always been considered an important factor to manage household activities for working hours and leisure. Females spent their substantial time to domestic chores, hence these responsibilities bounds their economic opportunities. The opportunity cost of household work especially for female accounted for higher therefore a vast segment of the society remains deprived and are not allowed to play their role in the labor market. The objective of the study is to find the opportunity cost of household work by region, province, age group, and gender for a different types of activities. Further study also explores the gender gap of household hours by Oaxaca and Blinder decomposition. Data for this study is gathered from the Labour Force Survey of Pakistan (LFS) for the period 2014-2015 and 2017-18. The findings of this study reveal that female household hours exceed male household hours. The opportunity cost of cooking and child-care are higher in rural and urban Punjab for females, while the opportunity cost for males is higher for firewood collection and fetching water. Key Words: Time Allocation, Household Work, Opportunity Cost, Oaxaca Blinder Decomposition JEL Classification: J22, D13, J3, B41

Opportunity cost of household work: gender perspective for pakistan

Globally, growing economic needs, increasing dependency ratio, poverty, and unemployment with gender differences enforcing females to participate in economic activities. Female entrepreneurs are recognized as an economic driver for the growth as well economy generating income for their own, families and creating employment for other females. However being a woman, that usually becomes hard to manage work-life balance and hence they shift the workload on their children. This study aims to explore the links among female entrepreneurs (own household enterprises) on child education and employment. The Probit model is used to estimate the model for that purpose cross-sectional data of HIES (Household Integrated Economic Survey) is employed for the period 2018-2019. The finding of the results reveals that female having enterprises positively influence girls' employment while the effect on education it remained insignificant. Meanwhile, empowerment influences education with a negative sign that shows the presence of daughters in the labor force. While for boys only empowerment shows significant results. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Employment, Time allocation, Children, Well-being

https://ojs.pjsr.com.pk/index.php/PJSR/article/download/1195/841

Women decision making power and entrepreneurship: effect on children’s wellbeing in pakistan

Being pushed to the margins of society, brothel-based sex workers in Bangladesh develop relations with their intimate partners, referred to as babus . This study, based on fieldwork in a Bangladeshi brothel, documents how sex workers' relations with intimate partners are shaped by intimacy and exploitation and the ways meanings of such relations are rooted in cultural norms. This paper shows that sex workers' intimate relations involve trust, dependency, and emotional attachment, which extend to choices of condom use. This paper argues that sex workers' relations with their intimate partners derive meaning from the broader culture of Bangladesh, in which femininity and domesticity play a dominant role. Understanding sex workers' intimate relations in the Bangladeshi context is important because it sheds light on the nature of the private life of the sex workers from a culture-specific point of view. 

Humera Sultana

Papers

Tracing out the U‐shape relationship between female labor force participation rate and economic development for Pakistan

Factors influencing migration of female workers: a case of Bangladesh

Opportunity cost of household work: gender perspective for pakistan

Women decision making power and entrepreneurship: effect on children’s wellbeing in pakistan

Intimacy, trust, and exploitation: Sex workers' relationship with their intimate partners in a Bangladeshi brothel