In order to distinguish between those who may and may not enter or leave, states everywhere have developed extensive systems of identification, central to which is the passport. This innovative book argues that documents such as passports, internal passports and related mechanisms have been crucial in making distinctions between citizens and non-citizens. It examines how the concept of citizenship has been used to delineate rights and penalties regarding property, liberty, taxes and welfare. It focuses on the US and Western Europe, moving from revolutionary France to the Napoleonic era, the American Civil War, the British industrial revolution, pre-World War I Italy, the reign of Germany's Third Reich and beyond. This innovative study combines theory and empirical data in questioning how and why states have established the exclusive right to authorize and regulate the movement of people.

The invention of the passport : surveillance, citizenship and the state

of distinguished and rather senior economists – makes at the end of the book. Their priorities tend to be quick-fixes of problems that might, at least partly, be caused by some other challenge. More importantly, the panellists tend to disregard some of the evidence assembled by the authors. The reactions to the excellent chapter on armed conflict by Collier & Hoeffler illustrate that Nobel awards are no protection against bias. One member of the panel dismisses the economic sources of war that the Oxford economists analyse and points out that free trade is the main pacifying force, while another famous panellist mentions ethnic or religious hatred as a source of conflict. Gerald Schneider

At War’s End: Building Peace After Civil Conflict:

Case studies as well as cross-country studies suggest that countries with an abundance of natural resources are more prone to violent conflict. This collection of articles analyzes the link between natural resources and civil war in a number of different ways. So far the literature falls broadly into two camps. First, in the economics literature the well-documented “resource curse” leads to low-income growth rates and low levels of income. These in turn constitute low opportunity costs for rebellion and make civil war more likely. On the other hand, political science literature concentrates on the link between natural resources and weak institutions. States with natural resources often rely on a system of patronage and do not develop a democratic system based on electoral competition, scrutiny and civil rights. Based on further empirical evidence in this volume we conclude with a brief overview of current policy initiatives.

Resource Rents, Governance, and Conflict

Political protest and rebellion by communal groups has become a major impetus to domestic and international political change. This study uses new coded data on 227 communal groups throughout the world to assess a general model of how and why they mobilize to defend and promote their collective interests. Statistical analysis shows that cultural identity, inequalities, and historical loss of autonomy all contribute substantially to their grievances. Political mobilization, grievances, and the international diffusion and contagion of communal conflict jointly explain the extent of political action in the 1980s. Democracy, state power, and institutional change help determine whether conflict takes the form of protest or rebellion.

Why Minorities Rebel: A Global Analysis of Communal Mobilization and Conflict since 1945:

From Santiago to Seattle: transnational advocacy groups restructuring world politics / Sanjeev Khagram, James V. Riker, and Kathryn Sikkink

Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms

Acknowledgments 1. Introduction 3 2. Sovereignty, Statehood, and Nationalism 14 3. Self-Determination 27 4. The Rights of Minorities 50 5. Indigenous Rights 74 6. Human Rights 104 7. Hong Kong 129 8. India and the Punjab 151 9. The Kurds 178 10. The Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua 203 11. Northern Ireland 226 12. The Saami (Lapp) People of Norway, Sweden, and Finland 247 13. Spain-The Basque Country and Catalonia 263 14. Sri Lanka 280 15. Sudan 308 16. Federal or Quasi-Federal Structures 337 -Eritrea (1952-1962) -Greenland -Netherlands Antilles -Switzerland (1848-1874) -Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 17. Territories of International Concern 370 -Aland Islands -Free City of Danzig -Memel Territory -New Zealand-The Associate States of the Cook Islands and Niue and the Territory of Tokelau -The Saar (1920-1935) -The Saar (1945-1955) -Free Territory of Trieste 18. Other Situations of Interest 407 -Belgium -Indian Peoples in Brazil -China -Fiji -Italy-the South Tyrol -Malaysia 19. Conclusion 453 Recent Developments 479 Postscript 495 Selected Bibliography 509 Index 515

Autonomy, Sovereignty and Self-determination: The Accommodation of Conflicting Rights

Autonomy, Sovereignty and Self-Determination: The Accommodation of Conflicting Rights

Autonomy, sovereignty, and self-determination

/pdf/the-status-of-the-universal-declaration-of-human-rights-in-mziuwo3rh1.pdf

The Status of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in National and International Law

“Autonomy” is not a term of art or a concept that has a generally accepted definition in international law. Indeed, one surveying either the literature on the subject or the examples brought forth to demonstrate the existence of the concept is apt to conclude, to paraphrase the late jurist John Chipman Gray, that “on no subject of international law has there been so much loose writing and nebulous speculation as on autonomy.” Yet the term is very much in vogue today. The Camp David framework, for instance, establishing the context for negotiating peace in the Middle East, seeks to provide “full autonomy to the inhabitants” of the West Bank and Gaza. Regional autonomy has been extended recently to the Basque country and Catalonia by Spain, and to the 34 atolls composing the Marshall Islands by the United States. Currently, demands for greater autonomy have been made by the Shetland Islands against Great Britain, as well as by Quebec against Canada. Greek officials have offered to create “a self-administered and inviolable” area within Greece as a permanent site for the Olympic Games. While conventional wisdom accords regional autonomous entities only limited status under international law, the increasing frequency of claims to autonomy and the incremental effect such claims will have upon the international legal order make the concept of autonomy ripe for review.

Hurst Hannum

Papers

Autonomy, Sovereignty and Self-determination: The Accommodation of Conflicting Rights

Autonomy, Sovereignty and Self-Determination: The Accommodation of Conflicting Rights

Autonomy, sovereignty, and self-determination

The Status of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in National and International Law

The Concept of Autonomy in International Law