萨义德以其独特的双重身份,对西方中心权力话语做了分析,通过对文学作品、演讲演说等文本的解读,将O rie n ta lis m——"东方学",做了三重释义:一门学科、一种思维方式和一种权力话语系统,对东方学权力话语做了系统的批判,同时将东方学放入空间维度对东方学文本做了细致的解读。

萨义德的“Orientalism”释义

Objective To explore the use of photovoice as a research methodology to identify and explore community health and disability priorities. Methods Published studies (n = 31) that applied photovoice as a research methodology to promote and enhance individual and community change were identified and reviewed. Results Findings are explored and organized by community concerns and priorities; participant recruitment, training, and camera instruction; identification of photo assignment; photo assignment discussion; data analysis; outcomes; and evaluation of program and policy changes. Conclusions Despite the limitations of the studies and/or how they are reported, findings from this review support further application of photovoice to facilitate community change.

Photovoice as community-based participatory research: a qualitative review.

Cross-cultural research is rife with ethical and methodological challenges but, despite the increased demand for such research, discussions on 'culturally sensitive methodologies' are still largely neglected. Consequently, researchers often find themselves faced with difficulties but lack information on how to deal with them. This text provides an in-depth discussion on how to perform qualitative research in cross-cultural contexts with an emphasis on a more ethical, sensible and responsible approach. Pranee Liamputtong suggests culturally sensitive and appropriate research methods that would work well with cultural groups. She offers thought-provoking perspectives and diverse cultural examples which will be of value to both novice and experienced cross-cultural researchers. Throughout the volume there are references to the excellent work of many cross-cultural researchers who have paved the way in different social and cultural settings.

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Performing Qualitative Cross-Cultural Research

Much can be at stake depending on the choice of words used to describe citizen science, because terminology impacts how knowledge is developed. Citizen science is a quickly evolving field that is mobilizing people’s involvement in information development, social action and justice, and large-scale information gathering. Currently, a wide variety of terms and expressions are being used to refer to the concept of ‘citizen science’ and its practitioners. Here, we explore these terms to help provide guidance for the future growth of this field. We do this by reviewing the theoretical, historical, geopolitical, and disciplinary context of citizen science terminology; discussing what citizen science is and reviewing related terms; and providing a collection of potential terms and definitions for ‘citizen science’ and people participating in citizen science projects. This collection of terms was generated primarily from the broad knowledge base and on-the-ground experience of the authors, by recognizing the potential issues associated with various terms. While our examples may not be systematic or exhaustive, they are intended to be suggestive and invitational of future consideration. In our collective experience with citizen science projects, no single term is appropriate for all contexts. In a given citizen science project, we suggest that terms should be chosen carefully and their usage explained; direct communication with participants about how terminology affects them and what they would prefer to be called also should occur. We further recommend that a more systematic study of terminology trends in citizen science be conducted.

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Citizen Science Terminology Matters: Exploring Key Terms

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is generally understood as a process by which decision-making power and ownership are shared between the researcher and the community involved, bi-directional research capacity and co-learning are promoted, and new knowledge is co-created and disseminated in a manner that is mutually beneficial for those involved. Within the field of Canadian geography we are seeing emerging interest in using CBPR as a way of conducting meaningful and relevant research with Indigenous communities. However, individual interpretations of CBPR's tenets and the ways in which CBPR is operationalized are, in fact, highly variable. In this article we report the findings of an exploratory qualitative case study involving semi-structured, open-ended interviews with Canadian university-based geographers and social scientists in related disciplines who engage in CBPR to explore the relationship between their conceptual understanding of CBPR and their applied research. Our findings reveal some of the tensions for university-based researchers concerning CBPR in theory and practice.

“I spent the first year drinking tea”: Exploring Canadian university researchers’ perspectives on community‐based participatory research involving Indigenous peoples

Modifying Photovoice for community-based participatory Indigenous research

Huu-ay-aht First Nation has been undergoing treaty negotiations with the governments of British Columbia and Canada for the past 15 years. A settlement will allow Huu-ay-ahts to re-introduce their traditional forest management practices based on Hishuk Tsawak—a worldview that means “everything is one/connected.” Despite centuries of oppression from colonial and postcolonial forces, Hishuk Tsawak remains strong among Huu-ay-ahts and is lived as both a set of spiritual beliefs and a set of daily practices, enacted through a series of defined cultural protocols. Most importantly, Hishuk Tsawak displays an ability to be resilient in the physical location of the Huu-ay-aht traditional territory, while at the same time challenging and resisting (acting around the “edges” of) its social location imposed by those same dominant colonial and postcolonial forces. Worldviews, such as Hishuk Tsawak, have the potential to conceive of an alternative way of seeing forestry in the province.

Huu-ay-aht First Nation

Papers

Modifying Photovoice for community-based participatory Indigenous research

“Hishuk Tsawak” (Everything Is One/Connected): A Huu-ay-aht Worldview for Seeing Forestry in British Columbia, Canada