Provenance, a meta-data describing the derivation history of data, is crucial for the uptake of cloud computing to enhance reliability, credibility, accountability, transparency, and confidentiality of digital objects in a cloud. In this paper, we survey current mechanisms that support provenance for cloud computing, we classify provenance according to its granularities encapsulating the various sets of provenance data for different use cases, and we summarize the challenges and requirements for collecting provenance in a cloud, based on which we show the gap between current approaches to requirements. Additionally, we propose our approach, DataPROVE, that aims to effectively and efficiently satisfy those challenges and requirements in cloud provenance, and to provide a provenance supplemented cloud for better integrity and safety of customers' data.

https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:7894a53/UQ7894a53_OA.pdf

How to track your data: The case for cloud computing provenance

This paper describes a robust watermarking algorithm and a collusion-secure fingerprinting scheme based on it. Watermarking robustness is obtained by using the JPEG algorithm to decide mark location and magnitude; the proposed algorithm supports multiple marking. The properties of dual binary Hamming codes are exploited to obtain a fingerprinting scheme secure against collusion of two buyers. The fingerprinting construction proposed here is simpler than previous collusion-secure proposals.

/pdf/simple-collusion-secure-fingerprinting-schemes-for-images-43io9lz1e0.pdf

Simple collusion-secure fingerprinting schemes for images

Two robust spatial-domain watermarking algorithms for image copyright protection are described in this paper. The first one is robust against compression, filtering and cropping. Like all published crop-proof algorithms, the one proposed here requires the original image for mark recovery. Robustness against compression and filtering is obtained by using the JPEG algorithm to decide on mark location and magnitude; robustness against cropping is achieved through a repetition code. The second watermarking algorithm uses visual components and is robust against compression, filtering, scaling and moderate rotations.

Spatial-Domain Image Watermarking Robust against Compression, Filtering, Cropping, and Scaling

A new transparent and robust watermarking method against JPEG compression attack based on a perceptual approach is proposed. The main idea is to embed the watermark into regions where the blocking artifact has no effect on the watermark. These regions are identified by using a spatial prediction model of blocking effect. A JND (Just-Noticeable-Difference) model is then used to control the embedding strength in order to ensure robustness and transparency of the watermarking. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated on a set of images and some common “signal processing" attacks.

/pdf/perceptual-watermarking-robust-to-jpeg-compression-attack-3je6s1n72b.pdf

Perceptual watermarking robust to JPEG compression attack

In this paper an empirical evaluation of the lossy compression
properties of the JPEG2000 standard for watermarking purposes is
performed. The JPEG2000 standard is used as a basic tool for
determining both how and where the embedded watermark should be
placed in the image. The original image is slightly modified in
order to generate a similar image (indistinguishable by the
observer), and the mark is embedded in the pixels presenting
differences between both images. Previous experiments show that
the properties of the resulting watermarking scheme depend
strongly on the transformation stage characteristics of the lossy
image compression system. Several parameters related to the
JPEG2000 standard are tested, in addition to the compression
ratio: the wavelet transform, block size, and the number of levels
of decomposition for each block. These parameters affect not only
the capacity but also the robustness of the watermarking scheme:
the number of different pixels between the original image and the
slightly modified one, and the distribution of such differences.
For evaluation purposes we use the Stirmark benchmark. We compare
the impact on system performance of each one of the JPEG2000
standard parameters, for several kinds of attacks, namely
filtering (including sharpening), JPEG lossy compression,
cropping, row and column removal, and a combination of rotation,
cropping and scaling.

Empirical evaluation of a JPEG2000 standard-based robust watermarking scheme

Digital watermarking has been considered as an important technique to protect the copyright of digital content. For a digital watermarking method to be effective, it is essential that a watermark embedded in a still or moving image resists against various attacks ranging from compression, filtering to cropping. As JPEG is a dominant still image compression standard for Internet applications, digital watermarking methods that are robust against the JPEG compression are especially useful. Most digital watermarking methods proposed so far work by modulating pixels/coefficients without considering the quality level of JPEG, which renders watermarks readily removable. In this paper, we propose a new method that actively uses the JPEG quality level as a parameter in embedding a watermark into an image. A useful feature of the new method is that the watermark can be extracted even when the image is compressed using JPEG.

Digital Watermarking Robust Against JPEG Compression

In this paper, we present a video fingerprinting system to identify the source of illegal copies. Content is distributed along a specified tree, with the seller as the root of the tree, the legitimate users as the leaves, and the internal nodes as content buyer or seller. Because there is a limited number of user areas available in each tree, we propose to build sub-trees, where each sub-tree has a distinctive logo. In this paper, we will use logos which are bit mapped images of the tree number. The extracted logo shows better performance visually using ECC. The fingerprinting step is achieved by the insertion of a unique information in the video wavelet coefficients by temporal wavelet transform. Our fingerprinting system is able to detect unique fingerprinting information in video content even if it has been distorted. In addition, our method does not need original video frame for extraction step.

Video Fingerprinting System Using Wavelet and Error Correcting Code

In this paper, we propose an architecture for the service accountability in order to provide the trustworthy cloud services for the Cloud End Consumers and also define the structure of document to represent the policy of service accountability. As a result, we show the proposed scheme makes more effective system performance by compared with some exist schemes.

Framework of Service Accountability and Policy Representation for Trustworthy Cloud Services

/pdf/video-fingerprinting-system-using-wavelet-and-error-561xsc4wdc.pdf

Video fingerprinting system using wavelet and error correcting code

Digital fingerprinting schemes deter people from illegal copying of digital contents by enabling the seller to identify the original buyer of a copy that was redistributed illegally. What is important in designing fingerprinting scheme is to make it more efficient and practical. In this paper, we proposed the scheme that provides the copyright infringement prevention through fingerprint at the buyer side and the ownership verification through watermark at the seller side. Also, the existing buyer-seller watermarking protocols use privacy homomorphism which is not easy to apply to practical multimedia contents. Therefore we propose the joint of encryption and fingerprinting to establish the construction of efficient asymmetric fingerprinting scheme in video content. In addition, the proposed scheme provides access control through selective encryption as well as copyright protection through fingerprinting mechanism.

Hyejoo Lee

Papers

Digital Watermarking Robust Against JPEG Compression

Video Fingerprinting System Using Wavelet and Error Correcting Code

Framework of Service Accountability and Policy Representation for Trustworthy Cloud Services

Video fingerprinting system using wavelet and error correcting code

Joint of encryption and fingerprinting in buyer-seller protocol