The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology.

Bone marrow transplant.

The World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology has produced these guidelines for the use of elastography techniques in liver diseases. For each available technique, the reproducibility, results and limitations are analyzed, and recommendations are given. This set of guidelines updates the first version, published in 2015. Since the prior guidelines, there have been several advances in technology. The recommendations are based on the international published literature, and the strength of each recommendation is judged according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. The document has a clinical perspective and is aimed at assessing the usefulness of elastography in the management of liver diseases.

Liver Ultrasound Elastography: An Update to the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology Guidelines and Recommendations.

Recent progresses in exploring the rare earth based intermetallic compounds for cryogenic magnetic refrigeration

The present and future of deep learning in radiology.

To investigate consistency in shear wave velocities (SWVs) on ultrasound elastography using different machines, transducers and acquisition depths. The SWVs were measured using an elasticity phantom with a Young’s modulus of 16.9 kPa, with three recently introduced ultrasound elastography machines (A, B and C from different vendors) and two transducers (low and high frequencies) at four depths (2, 3, 4 and 5 cm). Mean SWVs from 15 measurements and coefficient of variations (CVs) were compared between three machines, two transducers and four acquisition depths. The SWVs using the high frequency transducer were not acquired at 5 cm depth in machine B, and a high frequency transducer was not available in machine C. The mean SWVs in the three machines were different (p ≤ 0.002). The CVs were 0–0.09 in three machines. The mean SWVs between the two transducers were different (p < 0.001) except at 4 and 5 cm depths in machine A. The SWVs were affected by the acquisition depths in all conditions (p < 0.001). There is considerable difference in SWVs on ultrasound elastography depending on different machines, transducers and acquisition depths. Caution is needed when using the cutoff values of SWVs in different conditions. • The shear wave velocities (SWVs) are different between different ultrasound elastography machines
 • The SWVs are also different between different transducers and acquisition depths
 • Caution is needed when using the cutoff SWVs measured under different conditions

Comparison of shear wave velocities on ultrasound elastography between different machines, transducers, and acquisition depths: a phantom study

Objective 
Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) can help differentiate between central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma and Glioblastoma (GBM). However, overlap between ADCs for GBM and lymphoma have been reported because of various region of interest (ROI) methods. Our aim is to explore ROI method to provide the most reproducible results for differentiation.


Materials and Methods 
We studied 25 CNS lymphomas and 62 GBMs with three ROI methods: (1) ROI1, whole tumor volume; (2) ROI2, multiple ROIs; and (3) ROI3, a single ROI. Interobserver variability of two readers for each method was analyzed by intraclass correlation(ICC). ADCs were compared between GBM and lymphoma, using two-sample t-test. The discriminative ability was determined by ROC analysis.


Results 
ADCs from ROI1 showed most reproducible results (ICC >0.9). For ROI1, ADCmean for lymphoma showed significantly lower values than GBM (p = 0.03). The optimal cut-off value was 0.98×10−3 mm2/s with 85% sensitivity and 90% specificity. For ROI2, ADCmin for lymphoma was significantly lower than GBM (p = 0.02). The cut-off value was 0.69×10−3 mm2/s with 87% sensitivity and 88% specificity.


Conclusion 
ADC values were significantly dependent on ROI method. ADCs from the whole tumor volume had the most reproducible results. ADCmean from the whole tumor volume may aid in differentiating between lymphoma and GBM. However, multi-modal imaging approaches are recommended than ADC alone for differentiation.

/pdf/differentiation-between-primary-cerebral-lymphoma-and-hyejkzivp6.pdf

Differentiation between primary cerebral lymphoma and glioblastoma using the apparent diffusion coefficient: comparison of three different ROI methods.

We investigated the anisotropy of the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of single-crystalline double-perovskite $\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{b}}_{2}\mathrm{CoMn}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$, which crystallizes in a monoclinic $P{2}_{1}/n$ structure. Due to dissimilar magnetic anisotropy, the ferromagnetic order of the $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{o}}^{2+}$ and $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{n}}^{4+}$ moments emerges along the $c$ axis at ${T}_{\mathrm{C}}=100\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, and the larger $\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{b}}^{3+}$ moments align perpendicular to the $c$ axis, below ${T}_{\mathrm{Tb}}=15\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. The intricate temperature development of the metamagnetism along the $c$ axis results in a large negative change in the magnetic entropy at low temperature. On the other hand, the larger but almost reversible magnetization, perpendicular to the $c$ axis, results in a small and positive entropy change. This highly anisotropic magnetocaloric effect (MCE) leads to a giant rotational MCE, estimated to be $20.8\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{J}/\mathrm{kg}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Our findings, based on the magnetic anisotropy in $\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{b}}_{2}\mathrm{CoMn}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$, enrich fundamental and applied research on magnetic materials, considering the distinct magnetic characteristics of double perovskites.

Anisotropic magnetic properties and giant rotating magnetocaloric effect in double-perovskite T b 2 CoMn O 6

Superb microvascular imaging for the detection of parenchymal perfusion in normal and undescended testes in young children

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction (SAFIRE) and automated kV modulation (CARE kV) in reducing radiation dose without increasing image noise for abdominal CT examination. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 77 patients who received CT imaging with an application of CARE kV with or without SAFIRE and who had comparable previous CT images obtained without CARE kV or SAFIRE, using the standard dose (i.e., reference mAs of 240) on an identical CT scanner and reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP) within 1 year. Patients were divided into two groups: group A (33 patients, CT scanned with CARE kV); and group B (44 patients, scanned after reducing the reference mAs from 240 to 170 and applying both CARE kV and SAFIRE). CT number, image noise for four organs and radiation dose were compared among the two groups. Results: Image noise increased after CARE kV application (p < 0.001) and significantly decreased as SAFIRE strength increased (p < 0.001). Image noise with reduced-mAs scan (170 mAs) in group B became similar to that of standard-dose FBP images after applying CARE kV and SAFIRE strengths of 3 or 4 when measured in the aorta, liver or muscle (p ≥ 0.108). Effective doses decreased by 19.4% and 41.3% for groups A and B, respectively (all, p < 0.001) after application of CARE kV with or without SAFIRE. Conclusion: Combining CARE kV, reduction of mAs from 240 to 170 mAs and noise reduction by applying SAFIRE strength 3 or 4 reduced the radiation dose by 41.3% without increasing image noise compared with the standard-dose FBP images. Index terms: Computed tomography; Radiation dose reduction; Iterative reconstruction; Tube voltage modulation

/pdf/radiation-dose-reduction-via-sinogram-affirmed-iterative-3fy0c7r70l.pdf

Hyun Joo Shin

Papers

Comparison of shear wave velocities on ultrasound elastography between different machines, transducers, and acquisition depths: a phantom study

Differentiation between primary cerebral lymphoma and glioblastoma using the apparent diffusion coefficient: comparison of three different ROI methods.

Anisotropic magnetic properties and giant rotating magnetocaloric effect in double-perovskite T b 2 CoMn O 6

Superb microvascular imaging for the detection of parenchymal perfusion in normal and undescended testes in young children

Radiation dose reduction via sinogram affirmed iterative reconstruction and automatic tube voltage modulation (CARE kV) in abdominal CT.