http://mama.indstate.edu/angillet/Thermal%20Adaptation/Publications/Angilletta%20et%20al%20(in%20press).pdf

The evolution of thermal physiology in ectotherms

Heat stress in lactating dairy cows: a review

Effects of heat stress on the welfare of extensively managed domestic ruminants

Development and growth (continuous in fish) are controlled by 'internal factors' including CNS, endocrinological and neuroendocrinological systems. Among vertebrates, they also are highly dependent on environmental conditions. Among other factors, many studies have reported an influence of water salinity on fish development and growth. In most species, egg fertilization and incubation, yolk sac resorption, early embryogenesis, swimbladder inflation, larval growth are dependent on salinity. In larger fish, salinity is also a key factor in controlling growth. Do the changes in growth rate, that depend on salinity, result from an action on: (1) standard metabolic rate; (2) food intake; (3) food conversion; and/or (4) hormonal stimulation? Better growth at intermediate salinities (8-20 psu) is very often, but not systematically, correlated to a lower standard metabolic rate. Numerous studies have shown that 20 to >50% of the total fish energy budget are dedicated to osmoregulation. However, recent ones indicate that the osmotic cost is not as high (roughly 10%) as this. Data are also available in terms of food intake and stimulation of food conversion, which are both dependent on the environmental salinity. Temperature and salinity have complex interactions. Many hormones are known to be active in both osmoregulation and growth regulation, e.g. in the control of food intake. All of these factors are reviewed. As often, multiple causality is likely to be at work and the interactive effects of salinity on physiology and behaviour must also be taken into account.

How should salinity influence fish growth

The circadian rhythm of body temperature.

The effect of salinity on growth rate, survival and swimbladder inflation in gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata, larvae

Golden spiny mice, which inhabit rocky deserts and do not store food, must therefore employ physiological means to cope with periods of food shortage. Here we studied the physiological means used b...

https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/ajpregu.00156.2005

Defending body mass during food restriction in Acomys russatus: a desert rodent that does not store food

Homeostatic responses to water deprivation or hemorrhage in lactating and non-lactating Bedouin goats.

Two strategies for coping with food shortage in desert golden spiny mice.

Desert rodents face periods of food shortage and use different strategies for coping with it, including changes in activity level. Golden spiny mice (Acomys russatus) inhabit rock crevasses and do not dig burrows nor store food. When kept under 50% food restriction most, but not all, golden spiny mice defend their body mass by physiological means. We tested the hypothesis that these rodents use two different behavioral strategies, i.e., increasing activity level and searching for food or decreasing activity level and conserving energy to cope with food shortage. Twelve golden spiny mice were fed ad libitum for 14 days, followed by 40 days of 50% food restriction, and 14 days of refeeding. Body mass, food consumption and general activity were monitored. Seven mice significantly reduced activity level, concentrating their activity around feeding time, lowering energy expenditure and thus keeping their body mass constant ("resistant"), while five ("non-resistant") significantly increased activity level (possibly searching for food) and thus energy expenditure, thereby losing mass rapidly (more than 25% of body mass). The non-resistant golden spiny mice were active throughout many hours of the day, with high variability both between and among individuals. The use of two strategies to cope with food shortage as found in the golden spiny mice may be of evolutionary advantage, since it allows a more flexible reaction to food restriction at the population level.

I. Choshniak

Papers

The effect of salinity on growth rate, survival and swimbladder inflation in gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata, larvae

Defending body mass during food restriction in Acomys russatus: a desert rodent that does not store food

Homeostatic responses to water deprivation or hemorrhage in lactating and non-lactating Bedouin goats.

Two strategies for coping with food shortage in desert golden spiny mice.

Two strategies for coping with food shortage in desert golden spiny mice. Physiol Behav