Drawing on more than twenty-five years of experience researching and theorizing about culture, youth, and society, Paul Willis presents a broad theoretical argument that positions the school as the site and instrument through which cultural responses to material conditions are played out. Willis distinguishes between three "waves of modernization" that stem from radical shifts in technological and material production and that are accompanied by specific cultural forms, particularly forms of youth culture. He argues that it is from these specific cultural forms that an effective struggle for social change can emerge.

Foot Soldiers of Modernity: The Dialectics of Cultural Consumption and the 21st-Century School

Do high levels of unemployment influence the health of those who are not unemployed? A gendered comparison of young men and women during boom and recession

Does the association between ill health and unemployment differ between young people and adults? Results from a 14-year follow-up study with a focus on psychological health and smoking

The paper discusses worklife changes with broad public health impacts. Central concepts for the analysis of the labor market are flexibility and differentiation. One conclusion is that there is ongoing polarization and differentiation - with an increased group of people in time-restricted (contingent) employment and self-employment and a reduced group of core workers. Greater demands for adaptability are being imposed on the majority of employees. Concepts related to flexibility and differentiation at an individual level are adaptability, identity formation, loss of control, trust and lack of trust, allostatic load, long-term strain, and psychological contracting. The labor market and organizational changes are discussed in relation to what can be called "institutional effectiveness". These changes refer to how institutions commissioned to act for the prevention of injuries and to contribute to worklife quality handle the new conditions. Finally, work-environment research is discussed in relation to a new and more complex pattern of exposures and interactions. One conclusion drawn is that it is becoming increasingly difficult to identify workplaces at risk.

Influence of worklife on public health.

Co-production is a term that has gained increased attention as governments seek out new ways for organising and delivering public services which involve citizens. One way of developing co-production is time banking, a form of community currency that has developed in the UK since the 1990s and is gaining increased policy attention with Governments in England and Wales. This research examines the relationship between time banking and co-production within health care. The starting point of the study is two-fold. First there is an interest in the claimed health benefits of time banking and its potential for service delivery. To explore these issues the research specifically examines the mechanisms which generate social capital and social networks through time bank participation to offer a more nuanced analysis of the health outcomes currently found in the literature. Building on this, action research was carried out with health service providers in the South Wales Valleys to examine the applicability of time banking, and therefore co-production to local service delivery. Second, the analysis of these health care interventions seeks to reposition time bank theory. Drawing on the social theory of time the analysis explores how time banking is co-opted into government programmes despite its radical political potential which offers an alternative to neo-liberal capitalism. Consequently the original contribution of this research is the repositioning of current time bank theory to offer a more nuanced understanding of the possible impacts upon health through time banking and a theoretical framework from which to articulate political goals with greater clarity.

Improving health through participation: time banks as a site for co-production

Over a period of just a few years, Sweden changed from a country of full employment to one of mass un- employment. Although it avoided the severe crises that afflicted many European countries during the recessions of the 1970s and 1980s, which resulted in mass un- employment in these countries, when the crisis finally did arrive, everything happened very quickly. In just a few years, the overheated economy at the end of the 1980s (with an unemployment rate of less than 1% in some areas) was replaced by mass unemployment. Be- tween 1991 and 1993, almost half a million jobs disap- peared (1). In a generation perspective, it was primarily young persons who were the major losers. Between 1990 and 1992, one-third of the country's teenagers disappeared from the labor market, while the loss of those over 35 years of age was relatively small (2). In a class perspective, it is particularly the traditional blue-collar jobs that disappeared. Between 1991 and 1993, about 200 000 jobs in the manufacturing industry and over 70 000 jobs in the building industry were elimi- nated (1). The major losers in a labor market perspective during the period were mainly young men and young women with relatively poor education or training (3) from the working-class families. They are concentrated in the old industrial areas and small communities (4). Immigrants, too, were among the group of major losers. In 1993, unemployment among immigrants was 28% (5). The picture in the rest of Europe is the same as in Sweden. It is primarily working-class young men and women, with poor education or training, who make up the majority of the unemployed. The objective of this paper is to discuss aspects of the societal change that we are undergoing. Many voices

I Curt Hagquist

Papers

In the wake of recession -- economic hardship, shame and social disintegration