As light is a good energy source that can be controlled remotely, instantly, and precisely, light-driven soft actuators could play an important role for novel applications in wideranging industrial and medical fields. Liquid-crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are unique materials having both properties of liquid crystals (LCs) and elastomers, and a large deformation can be generated in LCEs, such as reversible contraction and expansion, and even bending, by incorporating photochromic molecules, such as an azobenzene, with the aid of photochemical reactions of these chromophores. Herein we demonstrate new sophisticated motions of LCEs and their composite materials: a plastic motor driven only by light. If materials absorb light and change their shape or volume, they can convert light energy directly into mechanical work (the photomechanical effect) and could be very efficient as a single-step energy conversion. Furthermore, these photomobile materials would be widely applicable because they can be controlled remotely just by manipulating the irradiation conditions. LCEs show an anisotropic order of mesogens with a cooperative effect, which leads them to undergo an anisotropic contraction along the alignment direction of mesogens when heated above their LC-isotropic(I) phase transition temperatures (TLC-I) and an expansion by lowering the temperature below TLC-I. [1, 13–18] The expansion and contraction is due to the microscopic change in alignment of mesogens, followed by the significant macroscopic change in order through the cooperative movement of mesogens and polymer segments. It is well known that when azobenzene derivatives are incorporated into LCs, the LC-I phase transition can be induced isothermally by irradiation with UV light to cause trans–cis photoisomerization, and the I-LC reverse-phase transition by irradiation with visible light to cause cis–trans back-isomerization. This photoinduced phase transition (or photoinduced reduction of LC order) has led successfully to a reversible deformation of LCEs containing azobenzene chromophores just by changing the wavelength of actinic light. Although the photoinduced deformation of LCEs previously reported is large and interesting, it is limited to contraction/expansion and bending, preventing them from being used for actual applications. Herein we report potentially applicable rotational motions of azobenzene-containing LCEs and their composite materials, including a first lightdriven plastic motor with laminated films composed of an LCE film and a flexible polyethylene (PE) sheet. The LCE films were prepared by photopolymerization of a mixture of an LC monomer containing an azobenzene moiety (molecule 1 shown in Scheme 1) and an LC diacrylate with an azobenzene moiety (2 in Scheme 1) with a ratio of 20/ 80 mol/mol, containing 2 mol% of a photoinitiator in a glass cell coated with rubbed polyimide alignment layers. The photopolymerization was conducted at a temperature at which the mixture exhibited a smectic phase. The glasstransition temperature of the LCE films is at about room temperature, allowing the LCE films to work at room temperature in air, as the films are flexible enough at this temperature. We prepared a continuous ring of the LCE film by connecting both ends of the film. The azobenzene mesogens were aligned along the circular direction of the ring. Upon exposure to UV light from the downside right and visible light from the upside right simultaneously (Figure 1), the ring

Photomobile polymer materials: towards light-driven plastic motors.

Liquid-crystal elastomers (LCEs) are rubbers whose constituent molecules are orientationally ordered. Their salient feature is strong coupling between the orientational order and mechanical strain. For example, changing the orientational order gives rise to internal stresses, which lead to strains and change the shape of a sample. Orientational order can be affected by changes in externally applied stimuli such as light. We demonstrate here that by dissolving-rather than covalently bonding-azo dyes into an LCE sample, its mechanical deformation in response to non-uniform illumination by visible light becomes very large (more than 60 degrees bending) and is more than two orders of magnitude faster than previously reported. Rapid light-induced deformations allow LCEs to interact with their environment in new and unexpected ways. When light from above is shone on a dye-doped LCE sample floating on water, the LCE 'swims' away from the light, with an action resembling that of flatfish such as skates or rays. We analyse the propulsion mechanism in terms of momentum transfer.

Fast liquid-crystal elastomer swims into the dark

Muscle is a transducer that can convert chemical energy into mechanical motion. To construct artificial muscles, it is desirable to use soft materials with high mechanical flexibility and durability rather than hard materials such as metals. For effective muscle-like actuation, materials with stratified structures and high molecular orders are necessary. Liquid-crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are superior soft materials that possess both the order of liquid crystals and the elasticity of elastomers (as they contain polymer networks). With the aid of LCEs, it is possible to convert small amounts of external energy into macroscopic amounts of mechanical energy. In this Review, we focus on light as an energy source and describe the recent progress in the area of soft materials that can convert light energy into mechanical energy directly (photomechanical effect), especially the photomechanical effects of LCEs with a view to applications for light-driven LCE actuators.

Photomechanics of liquid-crystalline elastomers and other polymers.

This paper reviews the developments in dielectric elastomer actuator technology for several applications. Dielectric elastomers are a variety of electroactive polymer that deform due to the electrostatic interaction between two electrodes with opposite electric charge. Dielectric elastomers have been subject of much interest and research over the past decade. In earlier years, much of the focus was on actuator configurations, and in more recent years the focus has turned to investigating material properties that may enhance actuator performance. This review outlines the operating principle and actuation mechanisms behind this actuator technology, highlights some of its advantages over existing actuator technologies, identifies some of the challenges associated with its development, and examines the main focus of research within this field, including some of the potential applications of such an actuator technology.

A review on dielectric elastomer actuators, technology, applications, and challenges

With the maturation of the information display field, liquid-crystal materials research is undergoing a modern-day renaissance. Devices and configurations based on liquid-crystal materials are being developed for spectroscopy, imaging and microscopy, leading to new techniques for optically probing biological systems. Biosensors fabricated with liquid-crystal materials can allow label-free observations of biological phenomena. Liquid-crystal polymers are starting to be used in biomimicking colour-producing structures, lenses and muscle-like actuators. New areas of application in the realms of biology and medicine are stimulating innovation in basic and applied research into these materials.

Liquid-crystal materials find a new order in biomedical applications.

This invention describes a method for the loading and alignment of elastomers in electro-optic and electro-active devices. It comprises the in-situ polymerisation between substrates of liquid crystal monomers in the presence of cross-linking reagents. It also describes the production of free-standing elastomer films.

Liquid crystal elastomers

Novel compounds suitable for inclusion in a ferroelectric smectic liquid crystal mixture, having formula (I), where R1 and R2 are independently H, RO, RO1, ROOC, RCOO, RCOOCH(CH3)COO or COOCH(CH3)COOR (R = alkyl) or CN or halogen. Each of the rings may be of (III), which may be substituted, B, C, D are linking groups or single bonds, each of X, Y, Z are different and selected from -O-, COO, OOC, CH2 or CH(W) where W is alkyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl or CN; b, c, d, e, z and also rings (IV and V) have the same lateral substitution pattern. Ferroelectric mixtures containing these compounds, which show room temperature S*c phases are also described.

Liquid crystal compounds, mixtures and devices

The invention relates to ferroelectric smectic liquid crystal mixtures and compounds. The invention also relates to electro-optical devices incorporating these mixtures.

Alkylbyphenyloxyacetic acid esters and their use in smectic liquid crystal materials

Biphenyl esters of formula (I), wherein formula (II) represents formula (III) or formula (IV), R1 represents C3 - C12 alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl or alkoxycarbonyloxy, j is O or 1, R2 represents C3 - C12 alkyl or alkoxy, one of Q1 or Q2 is fluorine and the other is hydrogen, provided that when j is O and formula (II) is formula (III) and both R1 and R2 are n-alkyl, then the total number of carbon atoms in R1 and R2 is more than 12. These compounds may be used as constituents of liquid crystal mixtures which show a room temperature ferroelectric smectic phase, and a number of such mixtures are described.

Biphenyl esters and liquid crystal materials and devices containing them

The multiple, active, computer-generated hologram (MACH) is a novel device combining the attributes of electrically controllable diffraction gratings and computer-generated holograms The version discussed here consists of a surface relief transmitting structure immersed in a nematic liquid crystal and sandwiched between two, planar indium tin oxide electrodes Under control of a single applied voltage, the device can selectively generate any one of a number of desired, uncorrelated optical wave fronts The device principles are discussed and experimental results presented There is a brief discussion of the relative merits of the MACH and electrically addressed spatial light modulators

Ian Charles Sage

Papers

Liquid crystal elastomers

Liquid crystal compounds, mixtures and devices

Alkylbyphenyloxyacetic acid esters and their use in smectic liquid crystal materials

Biphenyl esters and liquid crystal materials and devices containing them

Electrically controllable multiple, active, computer-generated hologram