Algae as potential feedstock for the production of biofuels and value-added products: Opportunities and challenges

Promising evolution of biofuel generations. Subject review

Castor oil biodiesel production and optimization

Biodiesel synthesis from Ceiba pentandra oil by microwave irradiation-assisted transesterification: ELM modeling and optimization

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) provides an alternative energy means of producing liquid fuels from biomass for various uses. Biodiesel production by recycling WCO and methanol in the presence of calcium oxide (CaO) nano-catalyst offers several benefits such as economic, environmental and waste management. A nano-catalyst of CaO was synthesized by thermal-decomposition method and calcinated at 500 °C followed by characterization using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The XRD results revealed nano-scale crystal sizes at high purity, with a mean particle size of ~29 nm. The SEM images exhibited morphology of irregular shapes and porous structure of the synthesized nanocatalysts. The highest conversion of WCO to biodiesel was estimated to be 96%, at optimized experimental conditions i.e., 50 °C, 1:8 WCO oil to methanol ratio, 1% by weight of catalyst loading rate and 90 minutes reaction time, which is among few highest conversions reported so far. Biodiesel properties were tested according to the American (ASTM D6571) fuel standards. All reactions are carried-out under atmospheric pressure and 1500 rpm of agitation.

/pdf/optimized-biodiesel-production-from-waste-cooking-oil-wco-li7asl52hl.pdf

Optimized Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) using Calcium Oxide (CaO) Nano-catalyst

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1342187.pdf

The effects of alcohol to oil molar ratios and the type of alcohol on biodiesel production using transesterification process

RF-based sensors are an attractive option for structural-health-monitoring applications, due to the ease of access of interrogating such sensors. However, in most work, only scalar quantities are measured, giving no indication of the direction of strain or displacements. In this paper, a novel approach to displacement sensing is presented, in which relative displacements are tracked in all three degrees of freedom. The sensor design is based on a pair of coupled line-element filters whose frequency-dependent forward-power transfer is sensitive to relative positions between the two filters. Multiple features in the S21 parameter are used to differentiate displacement direction. Gold-based devices were fabricated on quartz substrates, and characterised through vector-network-analyzer measurements. Results demonstrate uncoupled sensitivities of −1.41 MHz/mm, −1.74 MHz/mm and 12.23 MHz/mm for x, y and z displacements, respectively.

/pdf/rf-line-element-filters-for-structural-health-monitoring-2q5vo0co.pdf

Idris Atadashi Musa

Papers

The effects of alcohol to oil molar ratios and the type of alcohol on biodiesel production using transesterification process

RF Line-Element Filters for Structural-Health-Monitoring Applications