In this article, we critically review the three most common approaches of assessing chronic food insecurity and undernutrition: (i) the FAO indicator of undernourishment, (ii) household food consumption surveys, and (iii) childhood anthropometrics. There is a striking and worrying degree of inconsistency when one compares available estimates, which is due to methodological and empirical problems associated with all three approaches. Hence, the true extent of food insecurity and undernutrition is unknown. We discuss strengths and weaknesses of each approach and make concrete suggestions for improvement, which also requires additional research. A key component will be the planning and implementation of more comprehensive, standardized, and timely household surveys that cover food consumption and anthropometry, in addition to other socioeconomic and health variables. Such combined survey data will allow much better assessment of the problems’ magnitude, as well as of trends, driving forces, and appropriate policy responses.

What do we really know? Metrics for food insecurity and undernutrition

Availability of national food these days can not accom-modate all the food needs of citizens khususunya in each - each area, this is due to the absence of structuring effective and lack of synchro-nization between state institutions, especially between institutions of agriculture, commerce and housing as well as the existence of climate change extreme enough today. Besides this, the problem of generation of farmers who started to cut off in the younger generation led to a change in lifestyle of the people in the area. See above problems pur-pose of this paper to find out how development policies and strategies of food in the availability of local food in the midst of climate change today can be circumvented by changing the mindset consumptive to productive youth through agricultural education, utilizing vacant land that is arable crops, empower farmer groups, socializing potential of local food NTT, to enable the creation of food security and reliance on staple food other areas. To the authors tried to draw up a development strategy of food security from the aspect of education through the de-velopment strategy of Dick & Carey. Food is a commodity of strategic importance to the nation given the area of food is a basic human need that must be met by the government and the community together as mandated by Law No. 7 of 1996 concerning food. In Law No. 7 of 1996 on Food stated that the Government organized setting, guidance, control and supervision of the community, organizing the process of production and supply, trading, distribution and function as consum-ers are entitled to obtain sufficient food in quantity and quality, safe, nutritious, diverse, equitable, and affordable by purchasing power masyarakat.Ketersediaan national food can be provided when starting from food sufficiency level of families, local area characterized by the existence of each individual food consumption is met can enjoy a bal-anced nutritional adequacy of the impact on food sufficiency and a better nutritional status Indonesian society are met locally NTT.ketersediaan food in sufficient quantity and types for the entire community locally NTT, the current food distribution, food prices are cheap and affordable by society locally NTT, evenly throughout the family in the area. Ketersediaan bahan pangan nasional dewasa ini belum bisa mengakomodir semua kebutuhan pangan warga negaranya khususunya di masing – masing daerah,  hal ini disebabkan belum adanya penataan yang efektif serta tidak adanya sinkronisasi antar lembaga negara, terutama antara instansi pertanian, perdagangan dan perumahan serta adanya perubahan iklim yang cukup ekstrim dewasa ini. Selain hal tersebut, permasalahan regenerasi petani yang mulai terputus di generasi muda menyebabkan terjadi perubahan pola hidup masyarakat di daerah. Melihat permasalahan di atas tujuan tulisan ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana strategi dan kebijakan pembangunan pangan  dalam ketersediaan pangan lokal di tengah perubahan iklim dewasa ini dapat disiasati dengan perubahan pola pikir konsumtif ke produktif  generasi muda melalui pendidikan pertanian, mendayagunakan lahan kosong yang ada untuk ditanami tanaman pangan, memberdayakan kelompok tani, mensosialisasikan potensi pangan lokal NTT, sehingga dapat terwujud ketahanan pangan dan tidak ketergantungan pada pangan pokok daerah lain. Untuk itu penulis berusaha menyusun strategi pembangunan ketahanan pangan dari aspek pendidikan melalui strategi pengembangan Dick & Carey. Pangan merupakan komoditas penting dan strategis bagi bangsa daerah mengingat pangan adalah kebutuhan dasar manusia yang harus dipenuhi oleh pemerintah dan masyarakat secara bersama-sama seperti diamanatkan oleh Undang Undang Nomor 7 tahun 1996 tentang pangan. Dalam Undang Undang Nomor 7 tahun 1996 tentang  pangan dinyatakan bahwa Pemerintah  menyelenggarakan pengaturan, pembinaan, pengendalian dan pengawasan masyarakat, menyelenggarakan  proses produksi dan penyediaan,perdagangan, distribusi serta berperan sebagai konsumen yang berhak memperoleh pangan yang cukup dalam jumlah dan mutu, aman, bergizi, beragam, merata, dan terjangkau oleh daya beli masyarakat.Ketersediaan bahan pangan nasional dapat tercukupi bila dimulai dari ketercukupan pangan tingkat keluarga, lokal daerah ditandai dengan adanya konsumsi pangan setiap individu terpenuhi kecukupan gizi seimbang dapat menikmati yang berdampak pada kecukupan pangan dengan baik dan status gizi masyarakat Indonesia terpenuhi secara lokal NTT.ketersediaan pangan dalam jumlah dan jenis yang cukup untuk seluruh masyarakat secara lokal NTT, distribusi pangan yang lancar, harga pangan murah dan terjangkau oleh lapisan masyarakat secara lokal NTT, merata keseluruh keluarga di daerah.

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Strategi pembangunan ketahanan dan ketersediaan pangan tingkat lokal nusa tenggara timur di tengah perubahan iklim melalui pendidikan di smk-pp negeri kupang

Home gardening is promoted as an adaptation strategy to ameliorate the increasing food insecurity from climate change impacts among subsistence farming families in rural sub-Saharan Africa. Yet, the geographic distribution of home gardens, their setup, management, and the effects on nutrition outcomes have not been fully described. This scoping review aimed to map and synthesize recent evidence on home gardening for two exemplar countries: Burkina Faso and Kenya. Between June and August 2020, we searched, screened, and extracted evidence about home garden projects in both countries, following the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. Peer-reviewed scientific publications, and gray literature in English and French that reported about subsistence horticulture in rural settings of Burkina Faso or Kenya were included. The characteristics of the documents and the data pertaining to our research objectives were extracted into predefined spreadsheets. The data were synthesized in the form of a narrative review. Our search yielded 949 documents, of which 20 documents were included in the synthesis (Burkina Faso: 8, Kenya: 12). While the gardens varied in composition and size, the majority provided green leafy vegetables and indigenous horticultural crops. The challenges for successful home garden implementation comprised unfavorable climatic conditions, access to and affordability of inputs, water and land, and lack of know-how. We identified trends for improved food security, diet quality, and nutritional status among the target populations. This scoping review found that there is limited evidence on home garden practices in rural Burkina Faso and Kenya. To enhance the sustainability of home gardens, research and resources should be invested in codesigning context-specific home gardening projects. Pending rigorous impact evaluation, home gardens appear to be a promising tool for climate change adaptation while simultaneously improving food security and the nutritional situation among women and young children in these two exemplar countries of sub-Saharan Africa. 

Home gardening in
 sub‐Saharan
 Africa: A scoping review on practices and nutrition outcomes in rural Burkina Faso and Kenya

Non-technical summary The industrial food system is widely considered to be unsustainable due to its undesired climate and health effects. One proposed alternative to these problems is a more local system of food provisioning. This means involving individuals, households, and communities in growing and acquiring edibles, like vegetables and other food stuff. This study based on a literature review found that food self-provisioning practitioners are mainly driven by health concerns and less by reasoning linked to the environment, like climate change adaptation and mitigation. We propose that the potential of food self-provisioning is underutilised in developing the sustainability of food systems. Technical summary In this article, we review and analyse the literature and concept of ‘food self-provisioning’ in order to understand its potential as a response to contemporary challenges. The focus of the study is on investigating the meanings related to environmental problems, particularly climate change, and issues of health. Firstly, we show how food self-provisioning is conceptualised vis-à-vis health and the environment; and secondly, what the (potential) implications of food self-provisioning to interlinked human and non-human health and beyond are. Based on the conducted literature review (n = 44), meanings of food self-provisioning are found to connect primarily to issues of human health and only secondarily to environmental questions, and even more marginally to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Our analysis cuts across the scales of households, communities, cities, and regions, including their diverse geographies, and hereby also comments on the questions of multilevel organising of self-provisioning, and what the notion of ‘self’ implies in this context. Social media summary The potential of food self-provisioning is underutilised in developing the sustainability of food systems.

Food self-provisioning: a review of health and climate implications

Rural people of West Java have rich local knowledge on use of plant species to treat various ailments. The traditional medicinal plants have been predominantly cultivated in home-garden agroforestry systems. Nowadays, however, the local knowledge of Sundanese rural people on both ailments and medicinal plants have eroded. In addition, various plants in the homegarden systems have decreased due to conversion of the traditional homegardens to monoculture commercial crops. Rural people in Cibunar, Sumedang, West Java have still strongly maintained Sundanese cultures, including using local knowledge on various ailments and medicinal plants to treat various ailments. This study aimed to elucidate (1) the local knowledge of rural people of Cibunar, Sumedang on illnesses; and (2) role of the homegardens as source of medicinal plants. Method used in this study was mixed-method, qualitative and quantitative with ethnomedicine and ethnobotanical approach. The result of study showed that rural Sundanese community has vernacular names of illnesses, including gering or sakit in Indonesian. Based on local rural people perception, various illnesses can be caused by many factors, poor sleep, bad eating, weather, food poisoning, work fatigue and accidents, including injuries. Treatment of illness according to the local people is usually undertaken by self-treatment, buy medicine from small shops (warung), go to a community health center (Puskesmas), and go to healer (dukun). The traditional agroforestry of homegarden systems have played an important role as sources of medicinal plants, and providing various foods, and resistant with environmental changes, including pests and climate changes.

Ethnomedicinal Aspects of Sundanese Traditional Homegarden: A Case Study in Rural Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia

-Home gardens are an essential component of the local food system and family farming worldwide. In Indonesia, a home food gardening program was initiated in the early 2010s to optimally utilize home yards for improving the adequacy of food consumption and nutrition intake of households. In the present challenging situation of Covid-19 pandemic, there has been a growing interest in home gardens to help mitigate food insecurity caused by food supply chain disruptions and the emergence of physical and economic barriers that limit access to food. This paper is a review of pertinent literature to find out the characteristics of home gardens and home gardening program in Indonesia and then examine their contribution to each pillar of food security: availability, access, utilization, and stability. The experiences of home gardens worldwide are reviewed to understand the global context of home gardens and food security. Literature reviews found a positive impact of home gardening program on food availability, access, and utilization. However, improving food stability through a home food gardening program is still a challenging task. This finding implies that the positive contribution of the home food gardening program to household food security is largely limited to the program period. Nevertheless, the program is still an important strategy to address food insecurity and nutrition deficiency of low-income households. Future research should assess factors affecting the sustainability of the program to derive viable models applicable in diverse circumstances. There is a need for research to assess the value and importance of home gardens as a coping strategy to reduce vulnerability and food insecurity in the present global Covid-19 pandemic. © 2021, World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society. All rights reserved.

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The contribution of home food gardening program to household food security in indonesia: A review

This research aims to determine the marketing mix used by furniture industry owners in marketing furniture in Kendari City and determine the relationship between the marketing mix and the volume of furniture sales in Kendari City. The population in this study is all furniture industries in Kendari City that are officially registered with the Kendari City Labor and Industrial Office, with 23 furniture industries. Based on field search results, the number of furniture industries found in the field only amounted to seven furniture industries, so the determination of samples in this study using census methods by taking seven furniture industries as research samples. Variables in the study were respondents' identities (age, education level, and experience of effort), marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion, people, physical evidence, and process), and sales volume. Data analysis uses descriptive analysis and Spearman correlation analysis. The results showed that the marketing mix used by furniture industry owners in marketing furniture products in Kendari City had not been applied to the maximum, namely on promotional components, people, and physical evidence. The relationship between the marketing mix and furniture sales volume shows a significant and robust relationship, especially in product components, prices, places, people, and processes. The promotional component and physical evidence showed a weak relationship with furniture sales volume.

The Relationship Between the Marketing Mix and the Volume of Furniture Sales in Kendari City

Unsustainable agricultural development has an impact on land damage, decreased water quality, increased critical land and it is hoped that agriculture will transform towards sustainable agriculture. Sustainable agriculture is development that considers economic, ecological and social dimensions, so that agricultural development can be enjoyed by current and future generations. Sustainable agricultural development requires human resources as agents of change. The existence of Vocational High Schools in agriculture as a subsystem of national education is expected to produce graduates who have competence in the agricultural sector. Research on the process of conveying sustainable agribusiness messages through the role of Vocational High School graduates uses a phenomenological approach to understand the experiences of research subjects. The research subjects were graduates of Vocational High Schools who worked as farmers and extension workers with the sampling technique using snowball sampling by examining the role of graduates of Vocational High Schools as adopter farmers and distributors, non-adopter farmers, extension workers and extension officers who own farming businesses due to the success of the adoption process and Diffusion is influenced by information sources and message delivery methods. The results of the study show that the learning-by-doing method of information sources is considered effective in the process of adoption and diffusion of sustainable agribusiness.

The Adoption and Diffusion Process of Sustainable Agribusiness Management through the Role of Vocational High School Graduates

This study aims to analyze channel pattern and tomato marketing margins, analyze efficiency for each tomato marketing channel, and analyze tomato price transmission. To determine the sample in this study, the writer using the methods of purposive sampling and snowball sampling.  Purposive sampling used for sampling all tomato farmers, so that 25 tomato farmers were obtained.  Snowball sampling is used to determine marketing institutions so that 17 marketing institutions are obtained consisting of 2 collectors, 3 wholesalers, and 12 retailers.  The results of the study showed that there were 3 marketing channels for tomatoes in Sidamangura Village.  Channel III has the highest Farner's Share value of 73% with a total margin of Rp.2.66/Kg, so it is indicated to have the best level of marketing efficiency compared to Channel I of 60% with a total margin of Rp. 4.417/Kg and Channel II of 58% with a total margin of Rp. 5,000/Kg. Furthermore, the analysis of the price elasticity of transmission of the three channels obtained that the price elasticity of channel I is 30%, channel II is 34%, and channel III is 170%.  channel III is said to be elastic because. This study aims to analyze channel pattern and tomato marketing margins, analyze efficiency for each tomato marketing channel, and analyze tomato price transmission. To determine the sample in this study, the writer using the methods of purposive sampling and snowball sampling.  Purposive sampling used for sampling all tomato farmers, so that 25 tomato farmers were obtained.  Snowball sampling is used to determine marketing institutions so that 17 marketing institutions are obtained consisting of 2 collectors, 3 wholesalers, and 12 retailers.  The results of the study showed that there were 3 marketing channels for tomatoes in Sidamangura Village.  Channel III has the highest Farner's Share value of 73% with a total margin of Rp.2.66/Kg, so it is indicated to have the best level of marketing efficiency compared to Channel I of 60% with a total margin of Rp. 4.417/Kg and Channel II of 58% with a total margin of Rp. 5,000/Kg. The elasticity of price transmission on channel I is 0.30, the elasticity of price transmission on channel II is 0.34, and the elasticity of price transmission on channel III is 0.7, the channel has elasticity < 1 or inelastic, meaning that in channel I, the price change is 1% at the retailer level will result in a 30% price change at the farmer level, channel II, which is a 1% price change at the retail level, will result in a 34% price change at the farmer level, and channel III, which is a 1% price change at the retailer level. price change of 70% at the farm level with a market shape leading to Monopsony

Margin Pemasaran dan Transmisi Harga Tomat di Desa Sidamangura Kecamatan Kusambi Kabupaten Muna Barat

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menganalisis apakah ada perbedaan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi rumput laut jenis Eucheuma spinosum dan jenis kappaphycus alvarezi dan (2) mengetahui perbandingan pendapatan usahatani rumput laut dari kedua jenis yang diusahakan petani.  Penelitian ini dilakukan di dua desa masing-masing Desa Darawa Kecamatan Kaledupa dan DesaSama Bahari Kecamatan Wangi-wangi Selatan Kabupaten Wakatobi Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara pada Bulan Juni-Agustus 2018. Populasi penelitian adalah petani rumput laut yang berada di kedua desa tersebut sejumlah 232 KK.  Jumlah sampel dipilihdengan  menggunakan Rumus Slovin sejumlah 37 KK petani rumput laut jenis Eucheuma spinosum dan  15KK petani rumput laut  jenis kappaphycus alvarezi. Penarikan smpel dilakukan secara Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif kuantitatif.  Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ada perbedaan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi antara lain : panjang tali, luas lahan, bibit, upah tenaga kerja  dan pengalaman berusahatani. Dari segi pendapatan ternyata jenis  kappaphycus  alvarezi (Rp. 3.764.639-sampai dengan Rp. 6.709.002) lebih tingg disbanding  jenis Eucheuma spinosum.  Disarankan kepada petani untuk menambah bentangan tali lebih panjang lagi agar produksi dapat ditingkatkan.  Harapan kepada pemerintah menfasilitasi peningkatan modal petani rumput laut.

Idrus Salam

Papers

The contribution of home food gardening program to household food security in indonesia: A review

The Relationship Between the Marketing Mix and the Volume of Furniture Sales in Kendari City

The Adoption and Diffusion Process of Sustainable Agribusiness Management through the Role of Vocational High School Graduates

Margin Pemasaran dan Transmisi Harga Tomat di Desa Sidamangura Kecamatan Kusambi Kabupaten Muna Barat

Analisis perbandingan produksi usahatani rumput laut jenis Eucheuma spinosum dengan Kappaphycus Alvarezii di Kabupaten Wakatobi