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Modern Applied Statistics With S

2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

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Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan, Thatcher, and the Politics of Retrenchment

The Council and the European Parliament

Buying time: The delayed crisis of democratic capitalism

The Varieties of Capitalism literature posits that national economic institutions reflect the mode of coordination of a country's market actors. Despite the importance of this claim and a rich literature on the emergence of regulatory capitalism, few studies test such prediction for Independent Regulatory Agencies (IRAs). This article connects the two fields of research by analysing the impact of economic coordination on the formal independence of IRAs. The results show that, beyond issues of credible commitment and policy stability, the collective action capacity of market actors matters. In particular, regulators in Coordinated Market Economies enjoy less independence than in Liberal Market Economies, while intermediate regimes grant IRAs the least autonomy. The policy implications are nontrivial. Similar to other macroeconomic institutions, inappropriate combinations of economic coordination and IRA independence may engender Pareto-suboptimal regulatory solutions. In such cases, policymakers should reconsider the rules governing national regulators.

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Formal independence of regulatory agencies and Varieties of Capitalism: A case of institutional complementarity?

The political-economy literature has so far almost unanimously regarded Slovenia as the social-democratic exception in Central and Eastern Europe, due to a combination of highly consensual democratic institutions, low party polarization, strong social partners, and developed social dialogue. However, the situation, since the fall of the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia (LDS), which governed in 1992–2004, seems to be swiftly changing. Polarization has increased, union legitimacy declined, and social dialogue—especially in the aftermath of the 2007–2009 financial crisis—has all but collapsed. The 2010 pension reform is an archetypical example of how Slovenia now much more resembles its quarrelsome Eastern neighbours than the idealized exception that political scientists usually point at.

The uncertain future of Slovenian exceptionalism

1. Introduction 2. Studying Pensions in Post-Socialist Countries: A Theoretical Framework 3. Croatia: Authoritarian Rule, Systemic Shifts and Neoliberal Policies 4. Hungary: The Negative Effects of Political Budget Cycles 5. Poland: How to Radically Rewrite the Social Contract 6. Slovenia: Neocorporatist Constraints and the Postponement of Reforms 7. Comparative Politics of Reform: Legislation, Implementation and Sustainability 8. Conclusions: Findings and the Future of Reforms

Pension Reforms in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe: From Post-Socialist Transition to the Global Financial Crisis

This dissertation compares the political economy of pension systems and reforms in four Central, Eastern and Southeastern European countries, Croatia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia. The study employs a historical institutionalist framework to analyse the policies, actors and institutions that characterised the period between the collapse of socialism and 2008. Similar to other transition economies, Central, Eastern and Southeastern European countries inherited inequitable public pension systems that already under socialism experienced severe financial strains. These pressures became unsustainable during the transition to a market economy. Already ill-prepared to withstand the longterm effects of demographic ageing, in the context of acute labour market crises, these schemes were overstretched to the point of breakdown. As a result, the region’s retirement schemes underwent three reform phases. Before the mid-1990s, local policymakers tried to solve the crisis via parametric adjustments. When that failed, a debate on systemic change launched the second, structural reform phase, which culminated in the adoption of paradigmatic reforms in a number of countries in the late 1990s. Although the outcomes vary, Central, Eastern and Southeastern European countries eagerly embraced the new pension orthodoxy of the time, which prescribed a shift to partial funding and a stricter link between contributions and benefits. There then followed a third implementation phase, which saw a fine-tuning of these schemes and the emergence of unforeseen and sometimes critical problems. The unprecedented scope and depth of this transformation has elicited a vast academic literature. Existing research mainly focuses on the first two phases in the attempt to explain how reforms were possible and what interests and motives pushed them forward. What remains largely unexplored is the fate of the new reformed systems and the sources of their current problems. This dissertation fills the gap by encompassing all three reform periods. After providing an overview of the early reform phases and exploring the surprising feasibility in certain countries of paradigmatic reform, this study focuses on the third period to show that reform outcomes may not only be fiscally or socially unsustainable, but also that under certain conditions they become vulnerable to shifts in political power. This study’s principal argument is that successful pension reform implies the rewriting of the underlying social contract. This means that reformers should adopt inclusive rather to unilateral modes of policymaking, and take into consideration the interests and expectations of the broader polity in formulating their policy proposals. Failing that, reforms may not be accompanied by sufficient incentives to ensure ongoing political support at all levels. This line of thinking contrasts with claims in the literature that favour the unconstrained executive model, which is deemed more effective in terms of reform capacity, or others which emphasize the significant tradeoffs between a reform’s responsiveness to socioeconomic challenges and its political sustainability over time. Jury: Nicholas Barr (LSE), Martin Kohli (EUI) – Igor Guardiancich – Tine Stanovnik (Uni. Ljubljana), Martin Rhodes (Univ. Denver/formerly EUI) Igor Guardiancich graduated in Economics at the Universita di Trieste in 2001 and obtained his Master’s degree in Political Economy of Transition at the London School of Economics in 2003. The following year he joined the European University Institute. His working and research experience includes periods spent at the European Commission (DG Enlargement), at the International Labour Organisation, at the European Trade Union Institute. As for his academic involvement, in 2007 he was a visiting fellow at the Central European University in Budapest and at the Centrum Europejskie Natolin in Warsaw. He collaborates with various research networks, such as RECWOWE, Reconciling Work and Welfare in Europe, on the interplay between flexicurity and old-age pensions and the ERSTE Foundation Social Research Fellowship ‘Generations in Dialogue’, on social inclusion and pensions in former Yugoslavia. He is currently employed in a project on pension reforms for the Belgian government through the Observatoire social europeen in Brussels and started working as academic collaborator on higher education issues at the Academic Careers Observatory of the Max Weber Program in Florence.

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Pension Reforms in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe: Legislation, implementation and sustainability

Funding information Israel Science Foundation, Grant/Award Numbers: 1029/2015, 324/2018 Abstract This article introduces the special issue by presenting a framework for the study of regulatory politics using the analytical tools and approaches of comparative political economy. Having traced the evolution of studies on regulation, it argues that scholars should pay more attention to the systemic features affecting regulation and to the relationship between regulatory policies and their outcomes. The article presents the foundations of an analytical framework based on the “regulatory policy process,” a comprehensive approach that links inputs, outputs, and outcomes. The review of the contributions to this special issue shows that regulatory regimes can be better understood by placing them within the broader political economy of a state or region. A renewed focus on regulatory outcomes can help foresee what one should expect from the impact of a certain regulatory regime on a political-economic system.

Igor Guardiancich

Papers

Formal independence of regulatory agencies and Varieties of Capitalism: A case of institutional complementarity?

The uncertain future of Slovenian exceptionalism

Pension Reforms in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe: From Post-Socialist Transition to the Global Financial Crisis

Pension Reforms in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe: Legislation, implementation and sustainability

Modes of regulatory governance: A political economy perspective