The present study has been conceived on the trails of those works about the Roman Near East and the relations and interactions with the Eastern neighbours and the local populations. In more recent times, the on-going excavations projects in the area and the new notions of interaction and integration related to the Roman presence have made relevant further steps in the understanding of the topic. Considering exclusively Roman or, at the contrary, exclusively Parthian (or Sasanian) a site means, nowadays, ignoring the dynamics that characterized the whole area in the period at issue. It is doubtless that the starting point for the comprehension of such dynamics must be the identification of the points of interactions as well as the differences, always bearing in mind the hybridisation that occurred. 
The term hybridisation indeed, even if it is a modern word, perfectly fits with the mixture of races, religions and social institutions that shaped the Near East in the period from the Hellenistic period to the late 4th century CE. The theory is quite easily applicable in the major centres (Nisibis, Singara, Hatra), where the abundance of data is widely used to identify this kind of hybridisation such as the distinctive and unmistakable feature of a given culture as well, while it appears to be slightly tougher to track in the minor settlements. The lack of historical and archaeological evidence, indeed, affects our knowledge about the rural landscape and the countryside itself. Some of the minor sites mentioned in the literary sources are still not only unexcavated, but quite often unidentified too, while the fewer where excavation works have been conducted are the same sites almost practically unknown to the ancient sources (see the specifica case of Tell Barri). Notwithstanding this lack of evidence on both sides the countryside and the rural landscape still remains a keystone for the understanding of the Roman occupation in the area, as well as the organization and administration of the newly acquired territory after the severian annexation. The integration of the archaeological data with the known literary and epigraphic evidence could be the only way through which the presence of Rome beyond the Euphrates could be better understood. The region itself, indeed, represents one of the most archaeologically important areas of the world and thus the isolation of a given event in a specific chronological period forcedly needs more elements than elsewhere.

Settlement Patterns and Cultural Interactions in Northern Mesopotamia (2nd - 4th century CE)

In diesem Beitrag werden Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede zwischen den parthischen Vasallenkönigreichen und den römischen Klientelstaaten analysiert. Aus der Perspektive der imperialen Peripherie werden sodann die Handlungsspielräume der Klientelund Vasallenherrscher zwischen den beiden Großreichen und ihre politischen Strategien und Ziele untersucht: Trotz einer grundsätzlichen Unterordnung unter Rom oder Parthien verfolgten die Herrscher zwischen Syrien und Iran durchaus auch eigenständige politische Ziele, die den Interessen des jeweiligen Oberherrn widersprechen konnten. Durch freundschatliche Kontakte mit dem jeweils anderen Imperium sicherten sie sich weitere Handlungsoptionen und konnten flexibel auf Krisen der Machtposition ihres Oberherrn reagieren. Dabei ging es den Herrschern vor allem um den Ausbau ihrer Machtstellung sowohl in der Hierarchie ihres Imperiums als auch in der lokalen Konkurrenzsituation zwischen den Monarchen des Nahen Ostens über die imperialen Grenzen hinweg.

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Herrscher mit geteilten Loyalitäten: Vasallenherrscher und Klientelkönige zwischen Rom und Parthien

The bio-bibliographic dictionaries have received a great deal of attention in the field of Classical, Mediaeval and Arabic Studies, even if independently from one another. In this paper we attempt to show some continuity lines shared by all of them since Calimacus’ catalogue work in the Library of Alexandria to the works of Saint Jerome and Saint Isidore until the later Bizantine world of 6th to 8th centuries AD, both in Greek and in Syriac literary output. From there it crept into the Islamic world.

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Ilaria Ramelli

Papers

Il Chronicon di Arbela: Presentazione, traduzione e note essenziali.