世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(08)61690-6.pdf

Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

The present historical moment may seem a particularly inopportune time to review Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam's latest exploration of civic decline in America. After all, the outpouring of volunteerism, solidarity, patriotism, and self-sacrifice displayed by Americans in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks appears to fly in the face of Putnam's central argument: that \"social capital\" -defined as \"social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them\" (p. 19)'has declined to dangerously low levels in America over the last three decades. However, Putnam is not fazed in the least by the recent effusion of solidarity. Quite the contrary, he sees in it the potential to \"reverse what has been a 30to 40-year steady decline in most measures of connectedness or community.\"' As an example of how the current \"war on terrorism\" could generate a durable civic renewal, Putnam points to the burst in civic practices that occurred during and after World War II, which he says \"permanently marked\" the generation that lived through it and had a \"terrific effect on American public life over the last half-century.\" 3 If Americans can follow this example and channel their current civic

Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Health literacy as a discrete form of literacy is becoming increasingly important for social, economic and health development. The positive and multiplier effects of education and general literacy on population health, particularly women's health, are well known and researched. However, a closer analysis of the current HIV/AIDS epidemics, especially in Africa, indicates a complex interface between general literacy and health literacy. While general literacy is an important determinant of health, it is not sufficient to address the major health challenges facing developing and developed societies. As a contribution to the health literacy forum in Health Promotion International, this paper reviews concepts and definitions of literacy and health literacy, and raises conceptual, measurement and strategic challenges. It proposes to develop a set of indicators to quantify health literacy using the experience gained in national literacy surveys around the world. A health literacy index could become an important composite measure of the outcome of health promotion and prevention activities, could document the health competence and capabilities of the population of a given country, community or group and relate it to a set of health, social and economic outcomes.

/pdf/health-literacy-addressing-the-health-and-education-divide-3ztsqqj8y3.pdf

Health literacy: addressing the health and education divide

This publication makes the case for policy action to strengthen health literacy. Evidence, including the results of the European Health Literacy Survey, is presented that supports a wider and relational whole-of-society approach to health literacy that considers both an individual’s level of health literacy and the complexities of the contexts within which people act. The data from the European Health Literacy Survey show that nearly half the Europeans surveyed have inadequate or problematic health literacy. Weak health literacy skills are associated with riskier behaviour, poorer health, less self-management and more hospitalization and costs. Strengthening health literacy has been shown to build individual and community resilience, help address health inequities and improve health and well-being. Practical and effective ways public health and other sectoral authorities and advocates can take action to strengthen health literacy in a variety of settings are identified. Specific evidence is presented for educational settings, workplaces, marketplaces, health systems, new and traditional media and political arenas.

Health literacy : the solid facts

The commercial determinants of health

The author traces the development of the concept of health promotion from 1980s policies of the World Health Organization. Two approaches that signify the modernization of public health are outlined in detail: the European Health for All targets and the settings approach. Both aim to reorient health policy priorities from a risk factor approach to strategies that address the determinants of health and empower people to participate in improving the health of their communities.

These approaches combine classic public health dictums with “new” strategies, some setting explicit goals to integrate public health with general welfare policy. Health for All, health promotion, and population health have contributed to this reorientation in thinking and strategy, but the focus of health policy remains expenditure rather than investment.

https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdfplus/10.2105/AJPH.93.3.383

The Contribution of the World Health Organization to a New Public Health and Health Promotion

Government in the 21st Century is fundamentally a services business, and modern information technology should be at the heart of the U.S. Government service delivery model. And yet, today’s Executive Branch is still aligned to the stove-piped organizational constructs of the 20th Cen-tury, which in many cases have grown inefficient and out-of-date. So it is not surprising, as the United States faces the challenges of serving the broad and diverse needs of our growing country, that it becomes important to reexamine the organizational alignment of Executive Branch Government institutions to ensure that our organizational constructs are well aligned to meet the needs of the 21st Century. Government legislation to restrict health-damaging activities like banning smoking tries to control human behavior, but can be patronizing and ineffective. From the standpoint of civil society in a global perspective, the first agent of health is every person in his or her first person, independent of State control. This is less obvious than it seems, and the reason is simple: Health-damaging activities have a high probability of creating costs for a somewhat generalized health system. As a consequence, legislation tries to gain control over such forms of behavior. Look at the ban on smoking in public buildings not only in the U.S., but also in many European countries. Although disease outbreaks and Publications Key publications Policy documents Public Health Panorama ▶ Publications news Bibliographical databases Buy a printed copy Request forms

https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/171334/RC62BD01-Governance-for-Health-Web.pdf

Ilona Kickbusch

Papers

Health literacy: addressing the health and education divide

Health literacy : the solid facts

The commercial determinants of health

The Contribution of the World Health Organization to a New Public Health and Health Promotion

Governance for health in the 21st century