Thematic analysis is a poorly demarcated, rarely acknowledged, yet widely used qualitative analytic method within psychology. In this paper, we argue that it offers an accessible and theoretically flexible approach to analysing qualitative data. We outline what thematic analysis is, locating it in relation to other qualitative analytic methods that search for themes or patterns, and in relation to different epistemological and ontological positions. We then provide clear guidelines to those wanting to start thematic analysis, or conduct it in a more deliberate and rigorous way, and consider potential pitfalls in conducting thematic analysis. Finally, we outline the disadvantages and advantages of thematic analysis. We conclude by advocating thematic analysis as a useful and flexible method for qualitative research in and beyond psychology.

Using thematic analysis in psychology

자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

As qualitative research becomes increasingly recognized and valued, it is imperative that it is conducted in a rigorous and methodical manner to yield meaningful and useful results. To be accepted ...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1609406917733847

Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria

The Foundations of Qualitative Research - Rachel Ormston, Liz Spencer, Matt Barnard, Dawn Snape The Applications of Qualitative Methods to Social Research - Jane Ritchie and Rachel Ormston Design Issues - Jane Lewis and Carol McNaughton Nicholls Ethics of Qualitative Research - Stephen Webster, Jane Lewis and Ashley Brown Designing and Selecting Samples - Jane Ritchie, Jane Lewis, Gilliam Elam, Rosalind Tennant and Nilufer Rahim Designing Fieldwork - Sue Arthur, Martin Mitchell, Jane Lewis and Carol McNaughton Nicholls In-depth Interviews - Alice Yeo, Robin Legard, Jill Keegan, Kit Ward, Carol McNaughton Nicholls and Jane Lewis Focus Groups - Helen Finch, Jane Lewis, and Caroline Turley Observation - Carol McNaughton Nicholls, Lisa Mills and Mehul Kotecha Analysis: Principles and Processes - Liz Spencer, Jane Ritchie, Rachel Ormston, William O'Connor and Matt Barnard Traditions and approaches Analysis in practice - Liz Spencer, Jane Ritchie, William O'Connor, Gareth Morrell and Rachel Ormston Generalisability Writing up qualitative Research - Clarissa White, Kandy Woodfield, Jane Ritchie and Rachel Ormston

/pdf/qualitative-research-practice-a-guide-for-social-science-l4y32se0bj.pdf

Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers

Lincoln, Yvonna, and Egon Guba, "Postpositivism and the Naturalist Paradigm," pp. 14-46 in Yvonna Lincoln and Egon Guba, Naturalistic Inquiry . Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1985.*

Preface. Acknowledgements. Part One: Introduction to Qualitative Research: Initial Stages. 1 The Nature and Utility of Qualitative Research. What is qualitative research? The main features of qualitative research. The place of theory in qualitative research. The usefulness of qualitative research in healthcare. Choosing an approach for health research. Problematic issues in qualitative research. Conclusion. Summary. References. Further reading. 2 The Paradigm Debate: The Place of Qualitative Research. Theoretical frameworks and ontological position. The paradigm debate. Conflicting or complementary perspectives? Final comment. References. Further reading. 3 Initial Steps in the Research Process. Selecting and formulating the research question. The literature review. Writing a research proposal. Access and entry to the setting. Summary. References. Further reading. 4 Ethical Considerations. The basic ethical framework for research. Ethics in qualitative research. Researching one's peers. The research relationship. Research in the researcher's workplace. The role of research ethics committees. Summary. References. Further reading. 5 The Issue of Supervision. The responsibilities of supervisor and student. Writing and relationships. Practical aspects of supervision. Single or joint supervision. Problems with supervision. Summary. References. Further reading. Part Two: Data Collection. 6 Interviewing. Interviews as sources of data. The interview process. Types of interview. Probing, prompting and summarising. The social context of the interview. Unexpected outcomes: qualitative interviewing and therapy. Length and timing of interviews. Recording interview data. The interviewer-participant relationship. Problematic issues and challenges in interviewing. Interviewing through electronic media. Ethical issues in interviewing. Strengths and weaknesses of interviewing. Summary. References. Further reading. 7 Participant Observation and Documents as Sources of Data. Participant observation. The origins of participant observation. Immersion in culture and setting. Documentary sources of data. Images as sources of data. Summary. References. Further reading. 8 Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. What is a focus group? The origin and purpose of focus groups. Sample size and composition. Conducting focus group interviews. Analysing and reporting focus group data. Advantages and limitations of focus groups. Critical comments on focus group interviews in healthcare. Summary. References. Further reading. 9 Sampling and Site Selection. Purposeful (or purposive) sampling. Sampling types. Sampling decisions. How shall we name them? Summary. References. Part Three: Approaches to Qualitative Research. 10 Ethnography. The historical perspective. A focus on culture. Ethnographic methods. Ethnography in healthcare. The main features of ethnography. Fieldwork. Doing and writing ethnography. Pitfalls and problems. Summary. References. Further reading. 11 Grounded Theory. History and origin. The main features of grounded theory. Data collection, theoretical sampling and analysis. Pitfalls and problems. Glaser's critique and further development. Constructivist grounded theory. Which approach for the health researcher? Summary. References. Further reading. 12 Narrative Inquiry. The nature of narrative and story. Narrative research. Types of narrative. Illness narratives. Narrative interviewing. Narrative analysis. Problematic issues. Conclusion. Summary. References. Further reading. 13 Phenomenology. Intentionality and the early stages of phenomenology. Schools of phenomenology. The phenomenological research process: doing phenomenology. Procedures for data collection and analysis. Phenomenology and health research. Choice of approach: descriptive or interpretive phenomenology. Summary. References. Further reading. 14 Action Research. What is action research? The origins of action research. Action research in healthcare. The main features of action research. Practical steps. Trustworthiness in AR. Problems and critique. Summary. References. Further reading. 15 Additional Approaches. Case study research. Conversation analysis. Critical incident technique. Discourse analysis. Feminist research. Performative social science. Conclusion. References. Further reading. 16 Mixed Methods: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Research. The nature of mixed methods studies. Doing mixed methods research. Types of mixed methods research. The place and purpose of the literature. Triangulation. Critique of MMR. Conclusion. Summary. References. Further reading. Part Four: Data Analysis and Completion. 17 Data Analysis: Procedures, Practices and Computers. The process of data analysis. Coding and categorising. Problems of QDA. Computer-aided analysis of qualitative data. Problems and critique. Summary. References. Further reading. 18 Establishing Quality: Trustworthiness or Validity. Quality. An alternative perspective: trustworthiness. Trustworthiness. Strategies to ensure trustworthiness. Quality and creativity. Summary. References. Further reading. 19 Writing up Qualitative Research. The research account. Use of the first person. The format of the report. Critical assessment and evaluation. Guide to appraisal. Publishing and presenting the research. Summary. References Further reading. Glossary. Index.

Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare

Many elements of qualitative research are shared between the variety of approaches, and often the overlap of epistemology, ethics and procedures encourages a generic and flexible view of this type ...

The Status of Method: Flexibility, Consistency and Coherence:

The research proposal data collection ethnography grounded theory phenomological research other approaches ethics problems in qualitative research writing the philosophy of qualitative method.

Qualitative Research for Nurses

Qualitative research holds great potential for the study of public relations and marketing communications due to its ability to enable researchers to be closely involved with research participants. This practical guide for those interested in conducting qualitative research takes readers through each stage of the research process. This book:

* outlines research techniques
* considers methods of data collection
* includes sampling and strategies for data analysis, including computer analysis
* appraises issues of reliability and validity from a qualitative perspective

Key points are illustrated with examples from advertising, marketing, media relations, promotions, employee communications, public affairs and other forms of managed communication. Pedagogic features include hints for the internet, tips for overcoming problems and difficulties, examples, boxed features, summaries and overviews, and a wide range of examples and illustrations from international contexts.

A highly practical and accessible guide, this is a core text for those undertaking undergraduate and master research methods courses on public relations and marketing communications degrees, and will be invaluable for those working on dissertations, theses or research as part of a professional assignment.

/pdf/qualitative-research-methods-in-public-relations-and-2znpjoxm2c.pdf

Qualitative research methods in public relations and marketing communications

Part I: Introduction to Qualitative Research 1. The Nature of Qualitative Research: Development and Perspectives 2. Initial Steps in the Research Process 3. Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research 4. Supervision in Qualitative Research Part II: Data Collection 5. Interviewing 6. Participant Observation and Documents as Sources of Data 7. Focus Groups 8. Sampling Part III: Approaches to Qualitative Research 9. Ethnography 10. Grounded Theory 11. Phenomenology 12. Action Research 13. Narrative Enquiry 14. Additional Approaches Part IV: Data Analysis and Completion 15. Qualitative Data Analysis 16. Ensuring Trustworthiness and Quality 17. Writing up Qualitative Research

Immy Holloway

Papers

Qualitative Research in Nursing and Healthcare

The Status of Method: Flexibility, Consistency and Coherence:

Qualitative Research for Nurses

Qualitative research methods in public relations and marketing communications

Qualitative Research in Nursing