This paper is a revised version of Staff Working Paper 444 It reviews various studies which have provided a description of and possible explanation to patterns of innovation adoption in the agricultural sector It therefore covers both empirical and theoretical studies The discussion highlights the diversity in observed patterns among various farmers' classes as well as differences in results from different studies in different socio-economic environments, and reviews the attempts to rationalize such findings Special attention is given to the methodologies which are commonly used in studies of innovation adoption, and suggestions for improvements of such work through the use of appropriate economometric methods are provided The diversity of experiences with different innovations in different geographical and socio-cultural environments suggest that studies of adoption patterns should provide detailed information on attributes of the institutional, social and cultural setting and their interactions with economic factors These may be an important element in explaining conflicting experiences

Adoption of agricultural innovation in developing countries : a survey (revised)

This paper reviews various studies which have provided a description and possible explanation to patterns of innovation adoption in the agricultural sector. The survey points out that the tendency of many studies to consider innovation adoption in dichotomous terms (adoption/nonadoption) may not be appropriate in many cases where the actual decisions are defined over a more continuous range. More attention needs to be given to the socio-cultural and institutional environment in area studies so that their interrelation with economic factors affecting adoption can be inferred. The presence of several interrelated innovations is another aspect that needs to be considered more carefully in future research, since a number of simultaneous decisions may be involved. Furthermore, the possibility of regular sequential patterns in adopting components of a new technological package should be specifically addressed in future studies. Finally, the impact of differential adoption rates on land holding distribution merits attention in future research.

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Adoption of agricultural innovations in developing countries: a survey

A model of peasant household behavior, under varying degrees of household-specific food and labor market failures, is constructed to show that these structural features can explain several well known patterns of peasant response which have often been attributed to peculiar motives, presumed specific to peasants. The model explains sluggish response to cash crops prices and high instability in perceived food and labor scarcities; the key role of manufactured consumer goods prices in stimulating peasants' effort in cash crops production; the effectiveness of taxation as opposed to incentives in stimulating cash crops production; and the key role of technological change in food production to enhance cash crop production. Results are obtained analytically in the case of one market failure and by numerical simulation with more than one.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/2234892

Peasant Household Behaviour with Missing Markets: Some Paradoxes Explained.

In the 1980s fiscal reform in China provided localities with strong incentives and a heightened capacity to pursue industrial growth. As a result, local governments have responded vigorously to economic reform, managing rural collective-owned enterprises as diversified corporations, with local officials performing the role of a board of directors. This article analyzes the incentives that have led to the development of this form of local state corporatism and rapid rural industrialization, and it describes the ways in which local governments coordinate economic activity and reallocate revenues from industrial production. These developments are important for two reasons: they show that local government involvement in the economy does not necessarily decline with the expansion of market coordination; and they offer a successful model of reform that serves as a counterpoint to privatization proposals.

Fiscal Reform and the Economic Foundations of Local State Corporatism in China

This study was well-received and widely discussed when it appeared in hardback in 1990. It is devoted to analysis of the enduring problem of hunger in the modern world, and of the role that public action can play in countering it. The book is divided into four parts. The first attempts to provide a coherent perspective on the complex nutritional, economic, social and political issues involved in the causation of hunger and deprivation. The second deals with famine prevention, paying special attention to Africa and India. The third focuses on chronic undernourishment and related deprivations. Parts two and three include a number of case studies of successful public action for the prevention of hunger and famines in various parts of the world. The fourth part of the book draws together the main themes and concerns of the earlier chapters, and provides an integrated view of the role of public action in eliminating hunger.

Hunger and Public Action

Lessons from China's economic reform

Shocks and adjustment by firms in transition : a comparative study

This paper reports the main findings from a survey of some 200 Polish firms carried out at the end of 1993. The central focus is on the relationship between different emerging forms of ownership and the extent and nature of enterprise level adjustments taking place. Four broad categories of enterprises that distinguish the main ownership forms that characterize Polish industry were included in the survey: (a) traditional state-owned enterprises, (b) corporatized state-owned enterprises that have been converted into joint stock companies but whose shares are now owned by the State Treasury; (c) former state-owned firms that have been privatized; and (d) privately-owned firms which were established de novo. Some of the main findings from the survey are as follows. Growth and investment in 1993 were widely diffused through the economy, but rather more concentrated in the private sector and especially in de novo private firms, while financial distress as revealed by low profit margins was concentrated in the state-owned sector. The survey suggests that all firms in Poland have experienced a considerable increase in competition, and have faced the need radically to restructure their patterns of input purchases and marketing strategy. In general, de novo private firms have led the way, and changes have been fewer and less deep in the state-owned sector. Developments on the labor side in our sample are rather modest, and to be heavily oriented to satisfy the preferences of insiders, especially workers. Overmanning remains rife in both the state-owned and privatized sector, and differences between the two groups of firms in wage determination appear to stem more from the operation of the excess wage tax than from differences in motivation. Behavior in the de novo private firms is, however, clearly different, with a concern to hire not fire, and with lower employee influence. With respect to finance, we find that privatized and especially de novo private firms are financially relatively healthy, with higher profits and fewer bad debts than the state-owned firms. Although almost half of private sector firms hold no bank debt, bank credit is flowing fastest to these firms and in general they report the fewest problems in servicing it. Overdue trade credit is common among all ownership groups but more so among state firms; however, the flow problem is not serious, and volumes of total and overdue trade credit are comparable to West European levels. The main method by which severely financially-distressed firms, nearly all of which are state-owned, finance their losses is by running up tax arrears; financing by banks and by trade credit is much less significant.

Enterprise adjustment in Poland: evidence from a survey of 200 private, privatised, and state-owned firms

BOOK REVIEWS soon became unavailable in the UK. This edition again contains twelve chapters: introduction, classification, symptoms, mechanical.To alleviate rural poverty in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, strategies focusing on raising production and increasing opportunities for rural employment have.Singh, Inderjit. The Great Ascent: The Rural Poor in South Asia. Baltimore MD, and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, , xiv + Available in the National Library of Australia collection. Author: Singh, Inderjit, ; Format: Book; xxvii, p.: ill., maps ; 25 cm.The Great Ascent: The Rural Poor in South Asia (World Bank) [Professor Inderjit Singh] on easydetoxspa.com *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Book by Singh.to the import-competing sectors was still quite high, and hence a continuing burden on agriculture. There are lessons to be learned about the sequencing of.The great ascent: the rural poor in South Asia. Book.This is the most comprehensive analysis available of rural poverty in South Asia ( especially India). Singh's critical examination of existing empirical studies and.to examine regional variation in poverty within Karnataka. The poverty estimates However, one important inconsistency is that the rural-urban differentials in .. Inland southern Inland northern . Singh, I (): The Great Ascent: The Rural. Poor in South Asia, Johns Hopkins University. Press, Baltimore.DEVELOPMENT. The Great Ascent: The Rural Poor in. South Asia. I. Singh, World Bank, Washington, ,. pp. One of the major methods by which.SAARC & Beyond Civil Society and Regional Integration in South Asia Navnita Chadha Behera PART . The great ascent: the rural poor in South Asia [].Industry and the Economic Transition (Microeconomics of Transition Economies), and The Great Ascent: The Rural Poor in South Asia (World Bank), and more.returns gained by different sections of the rural population from farming during one Singh, I () The Great Ascent: The Rural Poor in South Asia Johns.Records 81 of Religious Minorities in South Asia: Selected Essays on Post-Colonial Situations, The Great Ascent: The Rural Poor in South Asia.Michael Upton with Richard Longburst, New Seeds and Poor People. Inderjit Singh, The Great Ascent. The Rural Poor In South Asia. Robert S.The financial crisis of in East and Southeast Asia has raised questions about lessons to learn from Asia's great ascent out of poverty since the Second World War. Education for rural development: towards new policy responses.The financial crisis of in East and Southeast Asia has from Asia's great ascent out of poverty since the Second World War. Evidence on the Philippines indicates a U-shaped pattern in urban–rural inequality.

The great ascent: the rural poor in South Asia.

It is the purpose of this paper to describe one method of extending the empirical applicability of the theory of the farm-household to multi-crop economies by integrating the econometric and linear programming models already available in the literature. Section I introduces the subject. In Section II the theoretical model is presented. In Section III Korean data are used to assess the quantitative significance of the approach by calculating and comparing household response to changes in input and output prices for two different specifications of the models. First, the household is analyzed from the consumption side on the assumption that farm profits are exogenous; this corresponds to the standard approach in consumer demand theory. And second, results are presented for a model in which consumption and production responses are integrated in a theoretically consistent fashion, and farm profits are allowed to reflect production responses to price changes. The results from this and other studies that use an integrated approach to production and consumption decisions highlight the need to change perceptions concerning agricultural household response to economic incentives in developing countries and to revise the design of economic projects and policies accordingly.

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Inderjit Singh

Papers

Lessons from China's economic reform

Shocks and adjustment by firms in transition : a comparative study

Enterprise adjustment in Poland: evidence from a survey of 200 private, privatised, and state-owned firms

The great ascent: the rural poor in South Asia.

A model of an agricultural household in a multi-crop economy : the case of Korea