Advances in electrochemical methods for pollutant remediation, recycling and sensing are reviewed. Additionally, applications of these methods in the drinking water industry, and for disinfection scenarios are discussed. Lastly, new electrode materials for environmental applications are described. In a companion review, photoelectrochemical methods will be discussed.

Electrochemistry and the environment

Recent developments in electrochemical flow detections--a review: part I. Flow analysis and capillary electrophoresis.

Developments in suppressor technology for inorganic ion analysis by ion chromatography using conductivity detection.

Recent developments in electrochemical flow detections--a review part II. Liquid chromatography.

Injectors/Autosamplers 2815 Temperature Effects In LC 2815 Sample Preparation/Derivatization 2816 Microchip Technology in LC 2816 Automation 2817 Other Articles of Interest 2817 Columns 2817 Reviews 2817 Columns Materials, Effects, and Packing 2817 Supports 2817 Stationary Phases 2818 Ion-Exchange Phases 2819 Monolithic Columns 2819 Molecular Imprinted Polymer (MIP) Phases 2819 Tunable Stationary Phases 2819 Chiral Phases 2820 Characterization and Assessment 2820 Other Articles of Interest 2820 Elemental Detectors 2821 Atomic Absorption/Emission 2821 Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)-Mass Spectrometry 2821

Column Liquid Chromatography: Equipment and Instrumentation

A novel approach to simultaneously practicing both suppressed and nonsuppressed ion chromatography (IC) is proposed. Following the detector of a conventional NaOH eluent suppressed IC system, a constant concentration of NaOH is introduced by an in-line microelectrodialytic NaOH generator, and this is followed by a second conductivity detector. The second detector background is typically maintained at a level of 20-30 [mu]m/cm (corresponding approximately to 0.1 mM NaOH), and the detector output is the same as what would be observed in a single column mode with a low concentration NaOH eluent. Together, the two detector outputs provide detectabilities at the microgram per liter level across the pK[sub a] range-from fully dissociated to very weak acids (up to pK[sub a] 9.5). Excellent linearity of response is observed, and the system provides qualitative information about peak purity and eluite pK[sub a]. In addition to the usual ratio plots, it is suggested that multidimensional detection in any separation system is best served by plotting the raw detector outputs against each other. 16 refs., 11 figs.

Two-dimensional conductometric detection in ion chromatography: sequential suppressed and single column detection

A simultaneous cation/anion-exchange scheme is proposed where the effluent eluite acids from a suppressed anion chromatography system proceed through the annular channel of a dual membrane converter device composed of an anion and a cation-exchange membrane tube. The optimum regenerants consist of LiF doped with LiOH for the cation side and LiF doped with HF (or NH[sub 4]HF[sub 2]) for the anion side. Sensitivity to very weak acids is far better than detection in the suppressed mode and is also improved markedly over a previously described system involving sequential ion exchange to NaOH. A model is presented for the process, and qualitative agreement to the experimental data is established. The two-dimensional information permits the estimation of the pK[sub a] of unknown eluites. 15 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.

Ingemar. Berglund

Papers

Two-dimensional conductometric detection in ion chromatography: sequential suppressed and single column detection

Two-dimensional conductometric detection in ion chromatography. Postsuppressor conversion of eluite acids to a base