According to W. Edwards Deming, American companies require nothing less than a transformation of management style and of governmental relations with industry. In Out of the Crisis, originally published in 1982, Deming offers a theory of management based on his famous 14 Points for Management. Management's failure to plan for the future, he claims, brings about loss of market, which brings about loss of jobs. Management must be judged not only by the quarterly dividend, but by innovative plans to stay in business, protect investment, ensure future dividends, and provide more jobs through improved product and service. In simple, direct language, he explains the principles of management transformation and how to apply them.

Out of the Crisis

Brian Thompson is a Senior Nutrition Officer at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is an intergovernmental organization, it has 191 Member Nations, two associate members and one member organization, the European Union. As a knowledge organization, FAO creates and shares critical information about food, agriculture and natural resources in the form of global public goods. FAO plays a connector role, through identifying and working with different partners with established expertise, and facilitating a dialogue between those who have the knowledge and those who need it. By turning knowledge into action, FAO links the field to national, regional and global initiatives in a mutually reinforcing cycle. Its mandate is to raise levels of nutrition and standards of living. What is the size of the malnutrition problem and what regions are most affected? There are persistently high levels of undernutrition. Nearly 870 million people in the world go to bed hungry (1 in 8 people) according to the recently released report of The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2012 (SOFI) and 2 billion have some form of micronutrient malnutrition – this constitutes a crime against humanity and is a responsibility for all of us. Prevalence of undernourishment in developing countries has declined over the past two decades, from 23 to 15 percent. In terms of total numbers in 1990– 92, around 980 million individuals were estimated to be undernourished. The number dropped to 901 million in 1999– 2001, to 885 million in 2006–06 and to 852 million in 2007–09. The financial crisis, economic downturn, persistent food price volatility, drought and other repercussions of climate change since 2006–08 may have prevented any further significant improvements in the number of people who are undernourished in developing countries since then. Africa has by far the highest prevalence, at around 23 percent in 2010–12 but though it is down from what it was in 1990–92 (27 percent) the numbers have risen from 175 million to 239 million with nearly 20 million added in the past four years. In subSaharan Africa, the modest progress achieved in recent years up to 2007 was reversed, with hunger rising 2 percent per year since then. In Asia, both prevalence and numbers dropped over the same period from 24 percent (739 million) to 14 percent (563 million). Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) boasts the lowest rate of undernourishment (8 percent) among developing country regions but the rate of progress has slowed recently. Countries considered as leastdeveloped countries and lowincome economies have the highest prevalence rates of all around 30 percent but down from the 40 percent levels of twenty years ago.

Interview ラン・ラン

THIS is a book of great length (444 pages of text), great learning (168 pages of notes), but not of commensurate understanding. It is a pity, because its defects may conceal its undoubted merits. When Dr. Popper is not caricaturing writers whose views he dislikes-and he dislikes a great many-he has a useful contribution to make to political thought, and his general moral theory (mainly to be found in the notes) is eminently sane and sensible. But for his passion for tilting at windmills he would have written a better and shorter book. The Open Society and its Enemies By K. R. Popper. Vol. 1: The Spell of Plato. Pp. vii + 268. Vol. 2: The High Tide of Prophecy—Hegel, Marx and the Aftermath. Pp. v + 352. (London: George Koutledge and Sons, Ltd., 1945.) 2 vols., 42s. net.

The Open Society and its Enemies

Introducing a new hobby for other people may inspire them to join with you. Reading, as one of mutual hobby, is considered as the very easy hobby to do. But, many people are not interested in this hobby. Why? Boring is the reason of why. However, this feel actually can deal with the book and time of you reading. Yeah, one that we will refer to break the boredom in reading is choosing the myth of the paperless office as the reading material.

The Myth of the Paperless Office

Service Oriented Architecture Concepts Technology And Design

The concept of Public-Private Partnerships has found a large variety of different approaches since the 1980s and each country has found its own interpretation. In later years, Estonia has also strengthened a collaboration between public and private sector, while a data exchange layer X-Road, initially developed for the public data sets to communicate, is now also been open for private entities to use and thus shows the great potential for Public-Private Partnerships to grow further. As there are still quite a small amount of private sector entities attached themselves to the X-Road, there must be the reason, why the private sector has not gone along with the platform. In order to find out how to design a unified platform for public agencies and private entities, authors have conducted face-to-face interviews as well as an online questionnaire among different private sector organizations. As a result, authors will provide various recommendations, in order to make a platform more acceptable for both public as well as private entities and to strengthen the intersectoral collaboration. The research was supported by the Estonian Information System Authority (EISA).

On the Systematic Exploitation of the Estonian Data Exchange Layer X-Road for Strengthening Public-Private Partnerships

In Estonia, digital signing started with the Digital Signatures Act already as early as in 2000. The aim to make digital signing and its use with various types of documents more convenient and efficient has had a high priority in the state’s e-Governance initiative. In this article we provide a study of the systematic introduction and use of digital signatures with documents related to decision-making processes and analyze the factors which influence this. We look at local governments as a major use case and provide an overview of the digital signing statistics for local government document exchange. The article highlights the differences related to the size and administrative capacity of the local governments as well as their readiness to transition into the information society.

Systematic Digital Signing in Estonian e-Government Processes

The following article seeks to investigate what the main success factors are when implementing national e-identification systems as a part of e-governance strategies. The article reviews the case of Ukraine that currently is in the beginning of e-identification management system deployment. In frames of the paper, positive experience of foreign countries in electronic identity management is examined aiming to outline lessons that can be learned by Ukraine. The article aims to identify main issues and problems that inhibit the development of successful e-identification system in Ukraine assuming citizens’ awareness as one of the key success factors. Positioning it as a crucial factor is underpinned by means of conducting a survey among Ukrainian citizens. Based on conducted interviews with officials, a local government e-identity solution is discussed as a project that can be potentially applicable on a national level. Personal vision of authors on improving and raising citizens’ awareness on e-government and e-identification is presented as a recommendation for stakeholders’ consideration, being at the same time a hypothesis for future studies.

Key Success Factors in Introducing National e-Identification Systems

The Digital Agenda 2020 for Estonia aims for a simpler state. A crucial success factor in making the public sector more effective and efficient is achieving a very high degree of paperless official communication. Therefore, in 2015, the Estonian government conducted an assessment of the document exchange between its authorities and institutions. Given the large number of 400 assessed organizations and the complexity of the task, the assessment needed extensive and systematic preparation. Hence, a tailored assessment framework, the so-called document exchange classification framework (DECF), has been developed for this purpose. This article explains the rationales and problems in the design of the DECF. The DECF enables the analysis of document exchanges between different kinds of information systems, via different channels and between different kinds of organizations. The feedback received with the help of the DECF allows for counting the volume and kind of documents that an organisation produces whilst providing a service. It helps to optimise the volume of produced documents and to optimise the service provision layer.

The Design of the Estonian Governmental Document Exchange Classification Framework

We report on the results of an ongoing, long-term, large-scale, cross-organizational, and canonical action research project that we started in Estonia in 2003 to develop a reusable model (e-LocGov model) for the systematic introduction of e-governance into local governments. The project was conducted in cooperation with 126 local governments, which constitute more than half of Estonia’s local governments. Given the complexity of the task, the endeavors in this project are necessarily highly interdisciplinary and cover the legal, the managerial, and the technological spheres. Consequentially, the e-LocGov model consists of major building blocks, each of which meets with a major challenge in the introduction of e-Governance: (i) state readiness, (ii) local government readiness, (iii) transition/implementation, and (iv) analysis and assessment. We provide a comprehensive explanation of the e-LocGov model and its building blocks. Also, we report on the research methodology and the theoretical background of this project.

Ingrid Pappel

Papers

On the Systematic Exploitation of the Estonian Data Exchange Layer X-Road for Strengthening Public-Private Partnerships

Systematic Digital Signing in Estonian e-Government Processes

Key Success Factors in Introducing National e-Identification Systems

The Design of the Estonian Governmental Document Exchange Classification Framework

The e-LocGov Model for Introducing e-Governance into Local Governments: An Estonian Case Study