Nowadays anxiety and depression are most commonly encountered diseases. They are not only difficult to diagnose but even difficult to treat since both are sometimes seen together or one predisposes the other. Apart from this side effect profile of these drugs is also high; hence there is immense scope for the herbal drugs to treat these disorders. Present study was therefore performed to evaluate the antianxiety and antidepressant effect of Carthamus tinctorius petal extract. 28 white albino rats bred in the animal house of Department of Pharmacology, University of Karachi weighing 180-220gm were randomly divided into four groups (n=7/group) to assess behavioral effects. The anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of Carthamus tinctorius petal extract were evaluated using elevated plus maize and forced swim test respectively at100 and 200mg/kg. These effects were compared with standard drugs Diazepam (anxiolytic) 2mg/kg and Nortriptyline (antidepressant) 12.5mg/kg. Results show that CT produced highly significant anxiolytic and anti- depressant effects at both doses as compared to control, similar to standard anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs diazepam and nortriptyline. It increased the latency of first entry to closed arms and the time spent in open arms very significantly at both doses while entries to open arm were increased significantly at 100mg/kg and very significantly at 200mg/kg in EPM test and increased the immobility time very significantly in FST. Hence it can be concluded that CT may be used as an alternative therapeutic agent while treating patients with anxiety and depressive disorders.

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Evaluation of antianxiety and antidepressant properties of Carthamus tinctorius L. (Safflower) petal extract

The famous Nash embedding theorem was aimed for in the hope that if Riemannian manifolds could be regarded as Riemannian submanifolds, this would then yield the opportunity to use extrinsic help. However, as late as 1985 (see [142]) this hope had not been materialized. The main reason for this is due to the lack of controls of the extrinsic properties of the submanifolds by the known intrinsic invariants. In order to overcome such difficulties as well as to provide answers to an open question on minimal immersions, we introduced in the early 1990’s new types of Riemannian invariants, known as the δ-invariants or the so-called Chen invariants, different in nature from the “classical” Ricci and scalar curvatures. At the same time we also able to establish general optimal relations between the new intrinsic invariants and the main extrinsic invariants for Riemannian submanifolds. Since then many results concerning these invariants, inequalities, related subjects, and their applications have been obtained by many geometers. The main purpose of this article is thus to provide an extensive and comprehensive survey of results over this very active field of research done during the last fifteen years. Several related inequalities and their applications are presented in this survey article as well.

-Invariants, Inequalities of Submanifolds and Their Applications Dedicated to Prof. Leopold Verstraelen on the occasion of his 60th birthday

We give an intrinsic characterization of slant submanifolds of a Kenmotsu manifold in terms of the induced metric and show that a slant submanifold of a Kenmotsu manifold is a Kenmotsu manifold. We also prove a theorem to obtain examples of slant submanifolds of Kenmotsu manifold.

/pdf/structure-on-a-slant-submanifold-of-a-kenmotsu-manifold-29x8an6o1r.pdf

Structure on a slant submanifold of a Kenmotsu manifold

The aim of the present paper is to study Chen inequalities for slant, bi-slant and semi-slant submanifolds in generalized complex space forms.

/pdf/b-y-chen-inequalities-for-bi-slant-submanifolds-in-168zjr7gee.pdf

B.y. chen inequalities for bi-slant submanifolds in generalized complex space forms

The main purpose of this paper is to show how to obtain rigidity theorems with the help of curvature invariants in submanifolds of a semi-Riemannian manifold. For this purpose, the bounded sectional curvature is introduced and some special submanifolds of r-lightlike submanifolds of a semi-Riemannian manifold are investigated.

/pdf/on-the-sectional-curvature-of-lightlike-submanifolds-3tsbgxivbk.pdf

On the sectional curvature of lightlike submanifolds

In this paper, we have studied an inequality similar to B. Y. Chen's Inequality for a submanifold of a Kenmotsu manifold.

B. Y. Chen's Inequality and Its Application to Slant Immersions into Kenmotsu Manifolds

A number of drugs both single and compound preparations are used widely in the traditional system of medicine or Tibb-e-unani (Unani medicine) in the management of mental diseases but these drug mostly, have not been investigated for their acclaimed effect. Somina is one of such poly herbal preparation containing five ingredients mainly described to be sedative, hypnotic and anxiolytic. In the present study pharmacological properties of somina were investigated in rats and mice, using standard behavioral paradigms. The results of our study show that somina exhibited anxiolytic, sedative and hypnotic effect as shown in elevated plus maze test in rats and exploratory rearing test in mice, open field test and pentobarbital-induced sleeping time in rats. These finding validates its traditional uses and rationalized the clinical prescription and potential benefit of the somina as a sedative, hypnotic and anxiolytic drug. Keywords : somina, sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, exploratory rearing, dopamine Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine Vol. 9 2005: 48-52

Iqbal Ahmad

Papers

B. Y. Chen's Inequality and Its Application to Slant Immersions into Kenmotsu Manifolds

Neuropharmacological profile of somina (a poly herbal unani formulation) in rats and mice