This study aimed to consider the effects of incubation temperature (15, 25, and 37°C) and the type of growth media on fungal index microbial airborne (IMA) in a hospital building. Because there weren't any integrated guidelines for these variables, the results weren't comparable. Moreover, some studies have investigated the effects of ambient temperature and other factors by the active sampling method. Therefore, we tried to indicate the difference between use of several media and incubation temperature by passive method. Sampling was taken by an open plate during (1hr, 1 m above the ground). Results were shown that IMA was 112–552 CFU/m2/hr., while its highest level was detected in the dialysis ward at 15°C. The predominant fungal species were A.niger and Cladosporium. Besides, the distribution of IMA in indoor air of the hospital was verified base on the Fourier model (R2 = 0.41 and RMSE = 81.65). Moreover, there were significant differences between IMA at various temperatures (p

The effect of incubation temperature and growth media on index microbial fungi of indoor air in a hospital building in Shiraz, Iran

Penicillium non-marneffei species rarely cause disease in humans and are encountered most commonly in the clinical laboratory as culture contaminants; however, recently they have emerged as opportunistic pathogens in immunocompromised hosts; therefore, it should not be routinely disregarded without a thorough investigation, especially if normally sterile sites are involved.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ccr3.1527

Successful treatment of pulmonary invasive fungal infection by Penicillium non-marneffei in lymphoblastic lymphoma: case report and literature review.

This quantitative and qualitative study aimed to evaluate the level of fungal contamination in aerosols dispersed by high rotation pens in dental clinics from Teresina, Piaui, Brazil. The data were collected during the attendance at two dental clinics. Petri dishes containing Sabouraud agar with chloramphenicol were opened for 15 min in the following places: in front of the chair, on the partitions to the right and left of the chair, and in the neighboring workbench. The plates were incubated at room temperature to allow the fungal growth and subsequent species identification. Colonies were formed in 100% of the plaques, accounting for 49 isolates belonging to 19 species, where the most frequent were: Curvularia clavata, Aspergillus niger, Phialemonium obovatum, Curvularia geniculata, and Scopulariopsis koningii. All identified species are pathogenic, and may develop allergic respiratory tract infections and even systemic infections in the patient and the dental surgeon. Our results indicate that the minimum safety distance between the dental chairs defended by the National Sanitary Surveillance Agency is insufficient and that the boxes are an efficient variable to minimize the dispersion of fungal aerosols in the dental environment. Based on these findings, we recommend the adoption of a minimum safety distance of more than 2 m and the use of boxes between the dental chairs, as well as a biweekly cleaning of the air-conditioned system and water lines as viable and efficient measures for reduction of the formation and dispersion of fungal aerosols in these environments.

Analysis of fungi in aerosols dispersed by high speed pens in dental clinics from Teresina, Piaui, Brazil.

Clean drinking water and sanitation are fundamental human rights recognized by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly and the Human Rights Council in 2010 (Resolution 64/292). In modern societies, water is not related only to drinking, it is also widely used for personal and home hygiene, and leisure. Ongoing human population and subsequent environmental stressors challenge the current standards on safe drinking and recreational water, requiring regular updating. Also, a changing Earth and its increasingly frequent extreme weather events and climatic changes underpin the necessity to adjust regulation to a risk-based approach. Although fungi were never introduced to water quality regulations, the incidence of fungal infections worldwide is growing, and changes in antimicrobial resistance patterns are taking place. The presence of fungi in different types of water has been thoroughly investigated during the past 30 years only in Europe, and more than 400 different species were reported from ground-, surface-, and tap-water. The most frequently reported fungi, however, were not waterborne, but are frequently related to soil, air, and food. This review focuses on waterborne filamentous fungi, unreported from food, that offer a pathogenic potential.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/6/3/79/pdf

Opportunistic Water-Borne Human Pathogenic Filamentous Fungi Unreported from Food

According to the most recent regulation, published in 2018, areas or states of Brazil where citrus canker is endemic are no longer obliged to eradicate citrus trees affected by the disease as in the past 60 years. Instead, growers have to adopt a set of control measures, such as copper sprays, windbreaks, and control of the citrus leaf miner to minimize the impact of the disease on fruit quality and yield. Another important change was that all fresh Fruit commercialized out of the state of origin and to other countries have to be sanitized against the canker-causing bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri). Initially, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was the only product allowed in Brazil by the referred legislation. Recently, this bactericide was prohibited to be used on fresh fruit shipped to the European Union and replaced by eugenol at 2%. Although effective, NaOCl may damage fruit skin, cause corrosion of packing house equipment and react with organic matter, which generates noxious by products. Here, we evaluated an alternative to NaOCl known as PosFruit. GC/MS and 1H NMR chemical analyses showed that Posfruit contains both cinnamaldehyde isomers, with the trans being present in larger quantities. We showed that PosFruit was as effective as NaOCl to eliminate X. citri from citrus fruit artificially contaminated with the bacterium. In a pilot sanitization line, treatment with 2% PosFruit reduced the X. citri population on contaminated fruit by 4 log10 CFU/mL. Furthermore, we detect neither the natural resistance of X. citri to PosFruit nor the persistence of the bacterium following progressive exposure to the product, which indicates that the product has multi-target action. PosFruit is a plant fortifier, residue-free, and efficient alternative to NaOCl for post-harvest decontamination of citrus fruit against X. citri.

A cinnamaldehyde-based formulation as an alternative to sodium hypochlorite for post-harvest decontamination of citrus fruit

This quantitative and qualitative study aimed to identify fungi isolated from patient beds at a reference hospital in Teresina, Piaui, Brazil, and evaluate the efficacy of 70 % ethanol and 1 % hypochlorite for removing the contamination Thirty-eight beds were chosen at random and the collection was carried out in three situations: before and after disinfection with 70 % alcohol or hypochlorite 1 % Each sample was inoculated onto Sabouraud dextrose agar containing chloramphenicol and incubated at room temperature to allow fungal growth We identified 13 species belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Rhizopus, Penicillium, and Candida All of these species are pathogenic and can worsen the clinical condition of patients The 1 % hypochlorite solution proved to be an efficient disinfectant against the fungi, but the same was not observed using 70 % ethanol Based on these findings, we recommended that the use of 1 % hypochlorite during bed disinfection be added to the hospital biosafety protocol to reduce cross contamination and contribute to patient recovery

Evaluation of disinfectants for elimination of fungal contamination of patient beds in a reference hospital in Piauí, Brazil

Objective To isolate fungi from radiographic equipment in dentist’s offices in Teresina, Piaui, Brazil. Methods Eight intraoral and two panoramic X-ray instruments were analyzed. Samples were taken after routine clinical procedures with sterilized swabs followed by inoculation on Petri dishes containing either Sabourand dextrose agar supplemented with chloramphenicol, or BBLTM CHROMagarTM Candida (BD-Difco, New Jersey, USA). The samples were incubated at room temperature, or 37oC, so that filamentous fungi and yeasts, respectively, could develop. Results Seventeen species of fungi were detected. The most frequent species were Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium oxysporum. Additionally, there was significant prevalence of fungi on the surface of intraoral X-ray components as compared to extraoral X-ray components. Conclusion The species of fungi isolated from the surfaces of dental radiographic equipment in dentist’s offices in Teresina, PI, are potentially pathogenic. These instruments may play a critical role as reservoirs or vectors for fungi. Moreover, they pose a risk of cross-infection to patients and dental staff. Consequently, it is critical to alert professionals in the dentistry area about the inherent risk in their activities and to establish training courses to encourage them to adopt biosafety procedures in order to reduce or eliminate these microorganisms. Indexing terms: Contamination. Dental equipment. Exposure to biological agents. Fungi. X-Rays.

https://www.revistargo.com.br/include/getdoc.php?id=6674&article=2629&mode=pdf

Isolation of fungi from dental radiographic equipment

Objective
To isolate fungi from radiographic equipment in dentist’s offices in Teresina, Piaui, Brazil.
Methods
Eight intraoral and two panoramic X-ray instruments were analyzed. Samples were taken after routine clinical procedures with sterilized
swabs followed by inoculation on Petri dishes containing either Sabourand dextrose agar supplemented with chloramphenicol, or BBLTM
CHROMagarTM Candida (BD-Difco, New Jersey, USA). The samples were incubated at room temperature, or 37oC, so that filamentous fungi
and yeasts, respectively, could develop.
Results
Seventeen species of fungi were detected. The most frequent species were Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides
and Cladosporium oxysporum. Additionally, there was significant prevalence of fungi on the surface of intraoral X-ray components as compared
to extraoral X-ray components.
Conclusion
The species of fungi isolated from the surfaces of dental radiographic equipment in dentist’s offices in Teresina, PI, are potentially pathogenic.
These instruments may play a critical role as reservoirs or vectors for fungi. Moreover, they pose a risk of cross-infection to patients and dental
staff. Consequently, it is critical to alert professionals in the dentistry area about the inherent risk in their activities and to establish training
courses to encourage them to adopt biosafety procedures in order to reduce or eliminate these microorganisms.

/pdf/isolamento-de-fungos-de-equipamentos-radiograficos-48m5vub0xc.pdf

Iraci de Melo Salmito Noleto

Papers

Analysis of fungi in aerosols dispersed by high speed pens in dental clinics from Teresina, Piaui, Brazil.

Evaluation of disinfectants for elimination of fungal contamination of patient beds in a reference hospital in Piauí, Brazil

Isolation of fungi from dental radiographic equipment

Isolamento de fungos de equipamentos radiográficos odontológicos