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Using Multivariate Statistics

/pdf/a-break-in-the-clouds-towards-a-cloud-definition-svovsw1r5a.pdf

A Break in the Clouds: Towards a Cloud Definition

Research on keystroke dynamics biometrics has been increasing, especially in the last decade. The main motivation behind this effort is due to the fact that keystroke dynamics biometrics is economical and can be easily integrated into the existing computer security systems with minimal alteration and user intervention. Numerous studies have been conducted in terms of data acquisition devices, feature representations, classification methods, experimental protocols, and evaluations. However, an up-to-date extensive survey and evaluation is not yet available. The objective of this paper is to provide an insightful survey and comparison on keystroke dynamics biometrics research performed throughout the last three decades, as well as offering suggestions and possible future research directions.

https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2013/408280.pdf

A survey of keystroke dynamics biometrics

MalDozer: Automatic framework for android malware detection using deep learning

Cyber-Physical Systems Security: Limitations, Issues and Future Trends

When security incidents occur, several challenges exist for conducting an effective forensic investigation of SCADA systems, which run 24/7 to control and monitor industrial and infrastructure processes. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/L0EFnr-famg is an audio interview with Irfan Ahmed about SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) systems.

SCADA Systems: Challenges for Forensic Investigators

Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) automate the control and monitoring of physical industrial and infrastructure processes such as power generation, gas pipelines, and water management. Due to the convergence of networking infrastructure, PLCs can be exposed to cyberattacks over the network with potentially catastrophic consequences. This contribution introduces the basic mechanisms by which various attacks can be detected, analyzed, and, ultimately, remedied.

Programmable Logic Controller Forensics

This paper presents CLIK, a new remote attack on the control logic of a programmable logic controller (PLC) in industrial control systems. The control logic defines how a PLC controls a physical process such as a nuclear plant. A full control logic attack faces two critical challenges: 1) infecting the control logic in a PLC at a field site and, 2) hiding the infection from engineering software at a control center since the software can obtain the infected logic from the PLC and reveal it to a control engineer. The existing academic efforts only (partially) address the former. CLIK is a first practical control-logic attack that deals with both challenges successfully. It modifies the control logic running in a remote target PLC automatically to disrupt a physical process. CLIK also employs a new virtual PLC approach that hides the malicious modifications by engaging the engineering software with a captured network traffic of the original (uninfected) control logic. It is fully implemented on real hardware/software used in industrial settings and is made publicly available for academic research on control logic attacks. CLIK consists of four phases and takes less than a minute to complete an attack cycle. As part of the implementation, we found a critical (zero-day) vulnerability in the password authentication mechanism of a target PLC, which allows the attacker to overwrite password hash in the PLC during the authentication process and gain access to the (protected) control logic. We have disclosed the vulnerability responsibly to the PLC vendor who has already patched the vulnerability.

/pdf/clik-on-plcs-attacking-control-logic-with-decompilation-and-3ncxudiw69.pdf

CLIK on PLCs! Attacking Control Logic with Decompilation and Virtual PLC

This paper presents a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) testbed recently built at the University of New Orleans. The testbed consists of models of three industrial physical processes: a gas pipeline, a power transmission and distribution system, and a wastewater treatment plant--these systems are fully-functional and implemented at small-scale. It utilizes real-world industrial equipment such as transformers, programmable logic controllers (PLC), aerators, etc., bringing it closer to modeling real-world SCADA systems. Sensors, actuators, and PLCs are deployed at each physical process system for local control and monitoring, and the PLCs are also connected to a computer running human-machine interface (HMI) software for monitoring the status of the physical processes. The testbed is a useful resource for cybersecurity research, forensic research, and education on different aspects of SCADA systems such as PLC programming, protocol analysis, and demonstration of cyber attacks.

Irfan Ahmed

Papers

SCADA Systems: Challenges for Forensic Investigators

Programmable Logic Controller Forensics

CLIK on PLCs! Attacking Control Logic with Decompilation and Virtual PLC

A SCADA System Testbed for Cybersecurity and Forensic Research and Pedagogy

SCADA network forensics of the PCCC protocol