Section I: Anatomy Surgical Anatomy of the Retroperitoneum, Kidneys, and Ureters Anatomy of the Lower Urinary Tract and Male Genitalia Section II: Clinical Decision Making Evaluation of the Urologic Patient: History, Physical Examination, and Urinalysis Urinary Tract Imaging: Basic Principles Outcomes Research Section III: Basics of Urologic Surgery Basic Instrumentation and Cystoscopy Basics of Laparoscopic Urologic Surgery Section IV: Infections and Inflammation Infections of the Urinary Tract-A. Schaeffer Inflammatory Conditions of the Male Genitourinary Tract Interstitial Cystitis and Related Disorders Sexually Transmitted and Associated Diseases Urological Implications of AIDS and Related Conditions Cutaneous Diseases of the External Genitalia Tuberculosis and Other Opportunistic Infections of the Genitourinary System Section V: Molecular and Cellular Biology Basic Principles of Immunology Molecular Genetics and Cancer Biology Tissue Engineering Perspectives for Reconstructive Surgery Section VI: Reproductive and Sexual Function Male Reproductive Physiology Male Infertility Surgical Management of Male Infertility Physiology of Erectile Dysfunction: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, Nonsurgical Management Epidemiology, Evaluation, and Nonsurgical Management of Erectile Dysfunction Prosthetic Surgery for Erectile Dysfunction Vascular Surgery for Erectile Dysfunction Peyronie's Disease Priapism Androgen Deficiency in the Aging Male Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction Section VII: Male Genitalia Neoplasms of the Testis Surgery of Testicular Tumors Tumors of the Penis Surgery of Penile and Urethral Carcinoma Surgery of the Penis and Urethra Surgery of the Scrotum and Seminal Vesicles Section VIII: Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology Renovascular Hypertension Section IX: Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction and Trauma Pathophysiology of Obstruction Management of Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction Upper Urinary Tract Trauma Section X: Renal Failure and Transplantation Renal Transplantation Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Management of Renal Failure Section XI: Urinary Lithiasis and Endourology Urinary Lithiasis: Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology Evaluation and Medical Management of Urinary Lithiasis Surgical Management of Upper Urinary Tract Calculi Ureteroscopy and Retrograde Ureteral Access Percutaneous Approaches to the Upper Urinary Tract Section XII: Neoplasms of the Upper Urinary Tract Renal Tumors Urothelial Tumors of the Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Tumors of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter Open Surgery of the Kidney Laparoscopic Surgery of the Kidney Ablative Therapy for Renal Tumors Section XIII: The Adrenals Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Medical Management of Adrenal Disorders Surgery of the Adrenals Section XIV: Urine Transport, Storage, and Emptying Physiology and Pharmacology of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter Physiology and Pharmacology of the Bladder and Urethra Pathophysiology, Categorization, and Management of Voiding Dysfunction Urodynamic and Video dynamic Evaluation of Voiding Dysfunction Neuromuscular Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract Urinary Incontinence: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Overview of Management The Overactive Bladder Pharmacologic Management of Storage and Emptying Failure Conservative Management of Urinary Incontinence: Behavioral and Pelvic Floor Therapy, Urethral and Pelvic Devices Electrical Stimulation and Neuromodulation in Storage and Emptying Failure Retropubic Suspension Surgery for Incontinence in Women Vaginal Reconstructive Surgery for Sphincteric Incontinence Pubovaginal Slings Tension-Free Vaginal Tape Procedures Injection Therapy for Urinary Incontinence Additional Treatment for Storage and Emptying Failure Geriatric Voiding Dysfunction and Urinary Incontinence Urinary Tract Fistulae Bladder and Urethral Diverticula Surgical Procedures for Sphincteric Incontinence in the Male: The Artificial Genitourinary Sphincter Perineal Sling Procedures Section XV: Bladder Lower Genitourinary Calculi and Trauma Urothelial Tumors of the Bladder Management of Superficial Bladder Cancer Management of Metastatic and Invasive Bladder Cancer Surgery of Bladder Cancer Laparoscopic Bladder Surgery Use of Intestinal Segments in Urinary Diversion Cutaneous Continent Urinary Diversion Orthotopic Urinary Diversion Genital and Lower Urinary Tract Trauma Lower Urinary Tract Calculi Section XVI: Prostate Molecular Biology, Endocrinology, and Physiology of the Prostate and Seminal Vesicles Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Epidemiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Natural History, Evaluation, and Nonsurgical Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Minimally Invasive and Endoscopic Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Retropubic and Superpubic Open Radical Prostatectomy Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention of Prostate Cancer Pathology of Prostatic Neoplasms Ultrasonography and Biopsy of the Prostate Tumor Markers in Prostate Cancer Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging of Prostate Cancer Definitive Therapy of Localized Prostate Cancer: Outcomes Expectant Management of Prostate Cancer Anatomic Retrograde Retropubic Prostatectomy Radical Perineal Prostatectomy Laparoscopic and Robotic Radical Prostatectomy and Pelvic Lymphadenectomy Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer Cryotherapy of Prostate Cancer Treatment of Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer Management of Rising Prostate-Specific Antigen after Definitive Therapy Hormonal Therapy for Prostate Cancer Management of Hormone-Resistant Prostate Cancer Section XVII: Pediatric Urology Normal and Anomalous Development of the Urinary Tract Renal Function in the Fetus Congenital Obstructive Uropathy Perinatal Urology Evaluation of Pediatric Urologic Patient Renal Disease in Childhood Urinary Tract Infections in Infants and Children Anomalies of the Kidney Renal Dysplasia and Cystic Disease of Kidney Anomalies and Surgery of the Ureteropelvic Junction Ectopic Ureter Vesicoureteral Reflux Prune-Belly Syndrome Exstrophy and Epispadias Complex Surgical Technique for One-Stage Exstrophy Reconstruction Bladder Anomalies in Children Posterior Urethral Valves and Other Urethral Anomalies Voiding Dysfunction in Children: Neurogenic and Non-neurogenic Urinary Tract Reconstruction Hypospadias Abnormalities of External Genitalia in Boys Abnormalities of Testis and Scrotum: Surgical Management Sexual Differentiation: Normal and Abnormal Surgical Management of Intersex Pediatric Oncology Pediatric Endourology and Laparoscopy Pediatric Genitourinary Trauma

Campbell-Walsh urology

Surgical Treatment of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: AUA/SUFU Guideline

Implantation of a synthetic midurethral sling (SMUS) is the most commonly performed anti-incontinence operation in women worldwide. The effectiveness of the SMUS is comparable to that of the historical gold standards--autologous fascial slings and the Burch colposuspension. Much controversy, however, has evolved regarding the safety of this type of sling. Overall, the quality of the studies with respect to assessing risks of SMUS-associated complications is currently poor. The most common risks in patients with SMUS include urethral obstruction requiring surgery (2.3% of patients with SMUS), vaginal, bladder and/or urethral erosion requiring surgery (1.8%) and refractory chronic pain (4.1%); these data likely represent the minimum risks. In addition, the failure rate of SMUS implantation surgery is probably at least 5% in patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Furthermore, at least one-third of patients undergoing sling excision surgery develop recurrent SUI. Considering the additional risks of refractory overactive bladder, fistulas and bowel perforations, among others, the overall risk of a negative outcome after SMUS implantation surgery is ≥15%.

Safety considerations for synthetic sling surgery

Background Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) occurs in 1-3% of all couples trying to conceive. No consensus exists regarding when to perform testing for risk factors in couples with RPL. Some guidelines recommend testing if a patient has had two pregnancy losses whereas others advise to test after three losses. Objective and rationale The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the current evidence on the prevalence of abnormal test results for RPL amongst patients with two versus three or more pregnancy losses. We also aimed to contribute to the debate regarding whether the investigations for RPL should take place after two or three or more pregnancy losses. Search methods Relevant studies were identified by a systematic search in OVID Medline and EMBASE from inception to March 2019. A search for RPL was combined with a broad search for terms indicative of number of pregnancy losses, screening/testing for pregnancy loss or the prevalence of known risk factors. Meta-analyses were performed in case of adequate clinical and statistical homogeneity. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Outcomes From a total of 1985 identified publications, 21 were included in this systematic review and 19 were suitable for meta-analyses. For uterine abnormalities (seven studies, odds ratio (OR) 1.00, 95% CI 0.79-1.27, I2 = 0%) and for antiphospholipid syndrome (three studies, OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.86-1.25, I2 = 0%) we found low quality evidence for a lack of a difference in prevalence of abnormal test results between couples with two versus three or more pregnancy losses. We found insufficient evidence of a difference in prevalence of abnormal test results between couples with two versus three or more pregnancy losses for chromosomal abnormalities (10 studies, OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.55-1.10), inherited thrombophilia (five studies) and thyroid disorders (two studies, OR 0.52, 95% CI: 0.06-4.56). Wider implications A difference in prevalence in uterine abnormalities and antiphospholipid syndrome is unlikely in women with two versus three pregnancy losses. We cannot exclude a difference in prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities, inherited thrombophilia and thyroid disorders following testing after two versus three pregnancy losses. The results of this systematic review may support investigations after two pregnancy losses in couples with RPL, but it should be stressed that additional studies of the prognostic value of test results used in the RPL population are urgently needed. An evidenced-based treatment is not currently available in the majority of cases when abnormal test results are present.

Recurrent pregnancy loss: diagnostic workup after two or three pregnancy losses? A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis.

The aim of present study was to investigate the role of preoperative neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) used as prognostic markers for predicting chemotherapeutic response and survival outcomes in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) who are receiving platinum-based chemotherapy. A total of 344 patients diagnosed with EOC who are receiving platinum-based chemotherapy from 2005 to 2010 in the hospital were enrolled. NLR and PLR were calculated from complete blood cell count taken before operation. The patients were divided into platinum-resistant (P-R) group and platinum-sensitive (P-S) group according to chemotherapeutic response. Clinicopathologic variables and outcomes were retrospectively collected and compared among groups. We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to calculate optimal cut-off values for NLR and PLR to predict chemotherapeutic response and prognosis. The AUC, sensitivity, specificity of NLR > 3.02 to predict platinum resistance were 0.819, 75.0% and 81.45%, respectively. The corresponding values of PLR > 207 were 0.727, 60.42% and 85.48%, respectively. Patients with lower value of NLR (NLR < 3.02) or PLR (PLR < 207) had a longer progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). In multivariate analysis, NLR and PLR showed a significant association with PFS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.733; 95%CI, 1.225-2.453, P = 0.002 and HR, 1.952; 95%CI, 1.430-2.662, P < 0.001) and OS (HR, 1.616; 95%CI, 1.138-2.297, P = 0.007, and HR, 2.167; 95%CI, 1.565-3.000, P < 0.001). These results suggest that the assessment of NLR and PLR could assist the identification of patients with poor prognosis and had potential clinical value in predicting platinum resistance in patients with EOC.

Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and platelet to lymphocyte ratio are predictive of chemotherapeutic response and prognosis in epithelial ovarian cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy

Risk factors for mesh erosion after vaginal sling procedures for urinary incontinence.

Purpose To compare the diagnostic accuracy of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) with the platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in predicting malignancy of pelvic masses which are pre-operatively malignant suspicious. Materials and methods In this retrospective study we evaluated the clinical features of patients with ovarian masses which had pre-operatively been considered suspicious for malignancy. The patients whose intraoperative frozen sections were malign were classified as the study group, while those who had benign masses were the control group. Data recorded were age of the patient, diameter of the mass, pre-operative serum Ca 125 levels, platelet count, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and platelet/lymphocyte ratio. Results There was statistically significantly difference between the groups in terms of age, diameter of the mass, serum Ca 125 levels, platelet number and platelet/lymphocyte ratio. Mean neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios showed no difference between the groups. ROC curve analysis showed that age, serum Ca 125 levels, platelet number and PLR were discriminative markers in predicting malignancy in adnexal masses. Conclusions According to the current study, serum Ca 125 levels, pre-operative platelet number and PLR may be good prognostic factors, while NLR is an ineffective marker in predicting the malignant characteristics of a pelvic mass.

http://koreascience.or.kr:80/article/JAKO201429765167203.pdf

Comparison of neutrophil/lymphocyte and platelet/ lymphocyte ratios for predicting malignant potential of suspicious ovarian masses in gynecology practice.

Background This study aimed to evaluate the association between complications and clinical parameters with obesity in 273 women who have undergone abdominal myomectomy during the study period. Methods The patients were classified into two groups according to body mass index (BMI) (≤30 kg/m 2 and >30 kg/m 2 ). Demographic, preoperative and postoperative clinical parameters were evaluated. Results Demographic, preoperative and postoperative clinical parameters were evaluated. The results showed statistically significant differences between the obese and non-obese groups in terms of age, gravidity, diameter of fibroid (DOF), postoperative hemoglobin, duration of hospital stay, and complications. Patients in the obese group had greater DOF and complications such as hemorrhage, postoperative fever, wound infection and ileus ( p Conclusion Based on our results, we conclude that obesity adversely affects the clinical outcomes of patients who undergo abdominal myomectomy.

Association of clinical outcomes and complications with obesity in patients who have undergone abdominal myomectomy

To evaluate the continence status and to reveal the optimal delivery mode of women who had an infant after application of a midurethral sling to treat stress urinary incontinence. Between January 2007 and January 2013, 12 women who delivered an infant after application of a midurethral sling were detected and demographic data, type of MUS, interval between MUS and delivery, mode of delivery, birth weight of the newborn, complications during pregnancy, and continence status after delivery were collected. Between 2000 and 2014, in 14 articles listed in Pubmed, the data of 54 patients who had delivered after successful midurethral sling application were included. Postpartum recurrence of urinary incontinence was evaluated according to delivery type in 54 patients. Mean age of 12 patients at the time of MUS was 33.1 ± 4.3 years old and the interval between MUS procedure and pregnancy was 30.2 ± 14.2 months. Four patients had a transvaginal tape (TVT; 33.3 %) and 8 had transobturator tape (TOT) procedure (66.7 %) and mean follow-up after MUS surgery was 52 ± 12.3 months. Seven women had cesarean section (CS; 58.3 %) and 5 women delivered vaginally (41.7 %). Nine women were continent during pregnancy (75 %) and 10 were continent after delivery (83.3 %). Among 54 women who were included in the review, 28 underwent CS (51.9 %), 26 women delivered vaginally (48.1 %), and 11 women had postpartum incontinence (20.3 %). In the case of postpartum urinary incontinence, there was no statistically significant difference between the CS and vaginal delivery groups (14.3 vs 26.9 % respectively, p = 0.32). In logistic regression, incontinence during pregnancy was a risk factor for postpartum incontinence (OR:5.5; 95 % CI: 1.1–27.6, p = 0.036). Risk of postpartum SUI recurrence in women who underwent application of midurethral slings seems to be similar independent of delivery mode and incontinence during pregnancy may be a risk factor for postpartum incontinence.

İrfan Özer

Papers

Risk factors for mesh erosion after vaginal sling procedures for urinary incontinence.

Comparison of neutrophil/lymphocyte and platelet/ lymphocyte ratios for predicting malignant potential of suspicious ovarian masses in gynecology practice.

Association of clinical outcomes and complications with obesity in patients who have undergone abdominal myomectomy

Effect of pregnancy and delivery on urinary incontinence after the midurethral sling procedure

Risk factors for postoperative urinary tract infection following midurethral sling procedures.