The purpose of this chapter is to review the calculation f the stopping and the final range distribution of ions in matter. During the last thirty years there have been published scores of tables and books evaluating the parameters of energetic ion penetration of matter. Rarely have the authors of these reference works included any evaluation of the accuracy of the tabulated numbers. We have chosen to show the development of ion penetration theory by tracing how, as the theory developed through the years, various parts have been incorporated into tables and increased their accuracy. This approach restricts our comments to those theoretical advances which have made significant contributions to the obtaining of practical ion stopping powers and range distributions. The Tables reviewed were chosen because of their extensive citation in the literature.

The Stopping and Ranges of Ions in Matter

Amorphous alloys were first developed over 40 years ago and found applications as magnetic core or reinforcement added to other materials. The scope of applications is limited due to the small thickness in the region of only tens of microns. The research effort in the past two decades, mainly pioneered by a Japanese- and a US-group of scientists, has substantially relaxed this size constrain. Some bulk metallic glasses can have tensile strength up to 3000 MPa with good corrosion resistance, reasonable toughness, low internal friction and good processability. Bulk metallic glasses are now being used in consumer electronic industries, sporting goods industries, etc. In this paper, the authors reviewed the recent development of new alloy systems of bulk metallic glasses. The properties and processing technologies relevant to the industrial applications of these alloys are also discussed here. The behaviors of bulk metallic glasses under extreme conditions such as high pressure and low temperature are especially addressed in this review. In order that the scope of applications can be broadened, the understanding of the glass-forming criteria is important for the design of new alloy systems and also the processing techniques.

https://www.tcd.ie/Physics/people/Graham.Cross/SF%20Poster%202011/Shek-MaterSciEng04-Bulk%20Metallic%20Glasses.pdf

Bulk metallic glasses

Measurements of the contact potential difference between different materials have been performed for the first time using scanning force microscopy. The instrument has a high resolution for both the contact potential difference (better than 0.1 mV) and the lateral dimension (<50 nm) and allows the simultaneous imaging of topography and contact potential difference. Images of gold, platinum, and palladium surfaces, taken in air, show a large contrast in the contact potential difference and demonstrate the basic concept.

Kelvin probe force microscopy

Field emission cathodes fabricated using thin-film techniques and electron beam microlithography are described, together with effects obtained by varying the fabrication parameters. The emission originates from the tip of molybdenum cones that are about 1.5 micron tall with a tip radius around 500 A. Such cathodes have been produced in closely packed arrays containing 100 and 5000 cones as well as singly. Maximum currents in the range 50-150 microamp per cone can be drawn. Life tests with the 100-cone arrays drawing 2 mA total emission (or 3 A per sq cm) have proceeded in excess of 7000 hr with about a 10% drop in emission current. Studies are presented of the emission characteristics and current fluctuation phenomena. It is tentatively concluded that the emission arises from only one or a few atomic sites on the cone tips.

Physical properties of thin‐film field emission cathodes with molybdenum cones

The calculation of molecular spectroscopic properties is an interesting application of the local density approximation (LDA) for the exchange-correlation energy of many-electron systems. LDA bond lengths and vibrational frequencies agree remarkably well with experiment. Dissociation energies are also reasonably good, but tend to overestimate the experimental results. Therefore, we consider in this work the effect of non-local gradient-type correction terms on LDA bond energies. In particular, we consider the gradient-corrected exchange-correlation functional of Langreth and Mehl, and also a semi-empirical exchange approximation recently developed by the present author.

Density Functional Calculations of Molecular Bond Energies

American Institute of Physics Handbook

Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Physics

The use in the introductory laboratory of research-type notebooks rather than formal reports is discussed Experience has shown that this technique emphasizes physics rather than peripheral aspects of the laboratory, and that the laboratory becomes an integral and effective component of the introductory course

Toward a More Effective Introductory Laboratory

The Pierre S. du Pont Science Building at Swarthmore College was completed in the late fall of 1959 and houses the departments of physics, chemistry, and mathematics as well as the science library. The building comprises four distinct but interconnected units arranged around a central landscaped courtyard. The interior arrangement of the entire building is described and features of interest to physicists are pointed out. Particular attention is paid to the procedure followed in planning the building.

Irving E. Dayton

Papers

American Institute of Physics Handbook

Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Physics

Toward a More Effective Introductory Laboratory

The Pierre S. du Pont Science Building, Swarthmore College