We may not be able to make you love reading, but archaeology of knowledge will lead you to love reading starting from now. Book is the window to open the new world. The world that you want is in the better stage and level. World will always guide you to even the prestige stage of the life. You know, this is some of how reading will give you the kindness. In this case, more books you read more knowledge you know, but it can mean also the bore is full.

The archaeology of knowledge

Lignocelluloses are often a major or sometimes the sole components of different waste streams from various industries, forestry, agriculture and municipalities. Hydrolysis of these materials is the first step for either digestion to biogas (methane) or fermentation to ethanol. However, enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses with no pretreatment is usually not so effective because of high stability of the materials to enzymatic or bacterial attacks. The present work is dedicated to reviewing the methods that have been studied for pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes for conversion to ethanol or biogas. Effective parameters in pretreatment of lignocelluloses, such as crystallinity, accessible surface area, and protection by lignin and hemicellulose are described first. Then, several pretreatment methods are discussed and their effects on improvement in ethanol and/or biogas production are described. They include milling, irradiation, microwave, steam explosion, ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX), supercritical CO2 and its explosion, alkaline hydrolysis, liquid hot-water pretreatment, organosolv processes, wet oxidation, ozonolysis, dilute- and concentrated-acid hydrolyses, and biological pretreatments.

/pdf/pretreatment-of-lignocellulosic-wastes-to-improve-ethanol-zbwx58h962.pdf

Pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes to improve ethanol and biogas production: a review.

The Study of Man. By Michael Polanyi. Price, $1.75. Pp. 102. University of Chicago Press, 5750 Ellis Ave., Chicago 37, 1959. One subtitle to Polanyi's challenging and fascinating book might be The Evolution and Natural History of Error , for Polanyi is at pains to expunge what he believes to be the false notion contained in the contemporary view of science which treats it as an object and basically impersonal discipline. According to Polanyi not only is this a radical and important error, but it is harmful to the objectives of science itself. Another subtitle could be Farewell to Detachment , for in place of cold objectivity he develops the idea that science is necessarily intensely personal. It is a human endeavor and human point of view which cannot be divorced from nor uprooted out of the human matrix from which it arises and in which it works. For a good while

Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy

Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers

http://urbansustainability.snre.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Defining-Urban-Resilience_Meerow_Newell_Stults.pdf

Defining urban resilience: A review

http://www.plateforme-re-sources.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/47-BAUD+et+al._Quality+of+Life+and+Alliances+in+Solid+Waste+Management.pdf

Quality of Life and Alliances in Solid Waste Management: Contributions to Urban Sustainable Development

The article maps urban poverty, using the `livelihoods assets framework' to develop a new index of multiple deprivation, examining the implications for area and sector targeting by policy-makers. This article deals with the index and the results for Delhi. The study maps: the spatial concentration of poverty; the diversity of deprivation at ward level; whether poverty is concentrated in slums; and correlations between voting patterns and poverty levels. The index uses census data disaggregated to electoral-ward level for multicriteria analysis, through GIS. Results show that hotspots of poverty are diverse in character, but are not concentrated in slum areas, with strong implications for policy-making and poverty studies methodology. These results suggest that the new index allows better insight into poverty with better targeting possibilities for policy-makers.

Mapping Urban Poverty for Local Governance in an Indian Mega-City: The Case

Understanding heterogeneity in metropolitan India: The added value of remote sensing data for analyzing sub-standard residential areas

Many cities in the global South are facing the emergence and growth of highly dynamic slum areas, but often lack detailed information on these developments. Available statistical data are commonly aggregated to large, heterogeneous administrative units that are geographically meaningless for informing effective pro-poor policies. General base information neither allows spatially disaggregated analysis of deprived areas nor monitoring of rapidly changing settlement dynamics, which characterize slums. This paper explores the utility of the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) variance to distinguish between slums and formal built-up (formal) areas in very high spatial and spectral resolution satellite imagery such as WorldView-2, OrbView, Quickbird, and Resourcesat. Three geographically different cities are selected for this investigation: Mumbai and Ahmedabad, India and Kigali, Rwanda. The exploration of the utility and transferability of the GLCM shows that the variance of the GLCM combined with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is able to separate slums and formal areas. The overall accuracy achieved is 84% in Kigali, 87% in Mumbai, and 88% in Ahmedabad. Furthermore, combining spectral information with the GLCM variance within a random forest classifier results in a pixel-based classification accuracy of 90%. The final slum map, aggregated to homogenous urban patches (HUPs), shows an accuracy of 88%–95% for slum locations depending on the scale parameter.

Isa Baud

Papers

Quality of Life and Alliances in Solid Waste Management: Contributions to Urban Sustainable Development

Mapping Urban Poverty for Local Governance in an Indian Mega-City: The Case

Understanding heterogeneity in metropolitan India: The added value of remote sensing data for analyzing sub-standard residential areas

Extraction of Slum Areas From VHR Imagery Using GLCM Variance

Mapping urban poverty for local governance in an Indian mega-city: The case of Delhi