There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

The Brush Foundation studies on human growth and development, begun in 1931 and terminated in 1942, have been intensively reviewed and studied by Dr Greulich and Miss Pyle in the formulation of this Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist Serial radiographs of from 2 to 20 hand-films made at successive examinations of each of 1000 boys and girls made up the radiographic material Standards were selected that were judged to be the most representative of the central tendency or anatomic mode of each chronologic age group from birth through 18 years

Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist

The diagnosis and treatment of problems involving the patellofemoral joint can be a very demanding and sometimes vexing task Now Dr Fulkerson presents this Third Edition of the authoritative reference on the subject, with expert guidance for a logical, well-organized approach to success in the management of these disorders This edition combines the latest information with the best of the previous ones, including concise, practical information, helpful charts and diagrams, high quality illustrations, and thorough analysis from the world-renowned authors New are chapters on physical examination, rehabilitation, and arthroscopy, extensive references, and cutting edge concepts and techniques

Disorders of the Patellofemoral Joint

This Consensus Statement was organized by the European Network of Human Congenital Imprinting Disorders (EUCIDnet) with financial support from European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST; BM1208) Newlife the Charity for Disabled Children, the European Society of Pediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) and the Societe Francaise de lutte contre les Cancers et leucemies de l'enfant et de l'adolescent (SFCE) provided funding for the consensus meeting The European Society of Pediatric Nephrology (ESPN) provided support for the meeting Individual authors would like to thank the following funders for research support: Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation (JMK); Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) (number 01GM1513C) (DP); Child Growth Foundation (KT-B); European Union FP7 Innovative Training Network (ITN) Ingenium N 290123 (YLeB, AR, IN, ERM); FIS (grant PI15/01481) (PL, JT); Fondation de Recherche Medicale (YLeB); Margaret Q Landenberger Foundation (JMK); MIUR PRIN 2015 JHLY35 (AR, GBF, SRu); MOH Grants to Istituto Auxologico Italiano (grant: RC 08C502_2015) (SRu); US National Institutes of Health (grant K08CA193915) (JMK); UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Rare Diseases Translational Research Collaboration (ACF); St Baldrick's Scholar Award (JMK); The Estonian Research Council (grant PUT355) (KO); Universite P et M Curie, Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherche Medicale (YLB); Telethon-Italia GGP15131 and AIRC IG18671 (AR); Wellcome Trust (MDK); European Research Council (ERM); and NIHR Senior Investigator Award (ERM) The University of Cambridge has received salary support in respect of ERM from the National Health Service (NHS) in the East of England through the Clinical Academic Reserve The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS or UK Department of Health No funding was received from pharmaceutical companies

/pdf/expert-consensus-document-clinical-and-molecular-diagnosis-3w25xho9a0.pdf

Expert consensus document: Clinical and molecular diagnosis, screening and management of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: an international consensus statement.

Groin injuries are common in athletes who participate in sports that require twisting at the waist, sudden and sharp changes in direction, and side-to-side ambulation. Such injuries frequently lead to debilitating pain and lost playing time, and they may be difficult to diagnose. Diagnostic confusion often arises from the complex anatomy and biomechanics of the pubic symphysis region, the large number of potential sources of groin pain, and the similarity of symptoms in athletes with different types or sites of injury. Many athletes with a diagnosis of "sports hernia" or "athletic pubalgia" have a spectrum of related pathologic conditions resulting from musculotendinous injuries and subsequent instability of the pubic symphysis without any finding of inguinal hernia at physical examination. The actual causal mechanisms of athletic pubalgia are poorly understood, and imaging studies have been deemed inadequate or unhelpful for clarification. However, a large-field-of-view magnetic resonance (MR) imaging survey of the pelvis, combined with high-resolution MR imaging of the pubic symphysis, is an excellent means of assessing various causes of athletic pubalgia, providing information about the location of injury, and delineating the severity of disease. Familiarity with the pubic anatomy and with MR imaging findings in athletic pubalgia and in other confounding causes of groin pain allows accurate imaging-based diagnoses and helps in planning treatment that targets specific pathologic conditions.

https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/pdf/10.1148/rg.285075217?frame=header

Athletic Pubalgia and “Sports Hernia”: Optimal MR Imaging Technique and Findings

Purpose of reviewOsteoid osteoma is a benign painful bone tumor usually found in the lower extremities of children and young adults. It has been traditionally treated by surgical excision. Despite the small size of the lesion, the operative procedure for its removal can be extensive, but sti

The management of osteoid osteoma: updates and controversies.

The purpose of this paper was to analyze the orthopaedic aspects of Langerhans cell histiocytosis and to assess the outcome after treatment. Fifty-six patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving the bone were retrospectively studied. Three groups were identified with regard to the type of bone involvement. Group I patients (n = 26) had a solitary bone lesion, with no systemic involvement. No treatment was given in 22 patients and curettage was done in 4 patients. At last follow-up, complete or partial healing was observed in 25 patients. Group II patients (n = 13) had multiple bone lesions, with no systemic involvement. Clinical and radiographic pictures as well as the outcome after treatment were similar to those in group I. Group III patients (n = 17) had bone and systemic involvement. Chemotherapy was used in all group III patients, with adjuvant radiotherapy in seven patients. Recurrence or new lesions were observed in 11 patients. Complications of treatment were observed in 14 patients. Lesions in group I and II patients had a considerable potential for spontaneous healing. Group III patients had the worst prognosis. Current chemotherapy protocols have a high morbidity and produce a variable response.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis of bone in children and adolescents

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the effectiveness of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of osteoid osteoma in children and adolescents. Twenty-three patients aged 4.5-19.5 years were retrospectively reviewed. All patients with lower limb lesions were able to bear full weight on their operated limb immediately after the procedure, and to resume their daily activities within 24-48 h. Pain disappeared immediately after surgery in 21 cases, and in lower limb lesions the gait was back to normal after an average of 5 days. No septic or neurovascular complications were observed. At an average follow-up of 3.5 years, all the patients including two cases of initial failure were free of pain and had a normal gait. Clinical healing was confirmed by computed tomography and bone scan performed in 12 cases. This precise and minimally invasive method is safe, effective and associated with reduced health care resources. It could be recommended as the treatment of choice for osteoid osteoma of the limbs in children and adolescents.

Percutaneous radiofrequency coagulation of osteoid osteoma in children and adolescents.

There has been considerable confusion between true congenital dislocation of the patella and other patellar instabilities. Only very few papers describing the anatomical features of congenital dislocation of the patella are found in the literature. The purpose of this paper was to describe the anatomical anomalies found in two cadaver specimens of a true permanent and irreducible congenital patellar dislocation. The quadriceps femoris is short and displaced laterally and acts as a knee flexor. The patella is small, articulating with the outer aspect of the lateral condyle, with no possibility of medial reduction onto the trochlea. Many other anomalies involving the bones, muscles, and nervous structures were found. Congenital dislocation of the patella must be distinguished from other patellar dislocations in children. The severity of structural anomalies is mainly owing to its prenatal onset. Congenital

Congenital dislocation of the patella. Part I: pathologic anatomy.

Purpose of review To present a summary of epiphysiodesis indications and to report most recent advances in the field, along with their clinical relevance. Recent findings Percutaneous epiphysiodesis using transphyseal screws (PETS) and guided growth using eight plates represent the most recent techniques used for hemiepiphysiodesis. Summary PETS and guided growth have yielded very good results and low rates of complications and are the current standard for the management of angular deformities of the lower extremities in children. Permanent percutaneous epiphysiodesis remains the preferred method for the treatment of limb length discrepancies.

Ismat Ghanem

Papers

The management of osteoid osteoma: updates and controversies.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis of bone in children and adolescents

Percutaneous radiofrequency coagulation of osteoid osteoma in children and adolescents.

Congenital dislocation of the patella. Part I: pathologic anatomy.

Surgical epiphysiodesis indications and techniques: update.