The author systematically examines one of the important issues of information — establishing the market price. He introduces the concept of «search» — where a buyer wanting to get a better price, is forced to question sellers. The article deals with various aspects of finding the necessary information.

Economics of Information

: This paper reports on a meta-analytic integration of the relation between group cohesiveness and performance. Overall, the cohesiveness-performance effect was highly significant and of small magnitude. Several theoretically informative determinants of the cohesiveness-performance effect were examined. This effect was significantly stronger when cohesiveness was operationalized in terms of measurements of group members' perceptions of cohesiveness than when cohesiveness was operationalized in terms of experimental inductions of cohesiveness. The results of this analysis suggest that the more direct effect may be from performance to cohesiveness rather than from cohesiveness to performance. Discussion considers the implications of these results for future research on the relation between cohesiveness and performance.

The relation between group cohesiveness and performance: An integration.

http://directory.umm.ac.id/Data%20Elmu/jurnal/J-a/Journal%20of%20Economic%20Psychology/Vol20.Issue5.Oct1999/720.pdf

A review and meta-analysis of country-of-origin research

Methods variance and its effects are at the center of a debate in organizational science. Most of the debate, however, is focused on the prevalence of common methods variance and ignores common methods bias, or the divergence between observed and true relationships among constructs. This article assesses the level of common methods bias in all multitrait-multimethod correlation matrices published over a 12-year period in a set of six social science journals using a combination of structural equation modeling and meta-analysis. The results indicate that only 46% of the variation in measures is attributable to the constructs, that 32% of the observed variation in measures is attributable to common methods variance, and that common methods variance results in a 26% bias in the observed relationships among constructs. This level of bias is cause for concern but does not invalidate many research findings.

Common Methods Bias: Does Common Methods Variance Really Bias Results?:

The study of country-of-origin (COO) effects examines how consumers perceive products emanating from a particular country. This study examines COO in terms of the fit between countries and product categories. A framework is suggested which matches the importance of product category dimensions with the perceived image of the country-of-origin along the same dimensions. Such matches (or mismatches) can be either favorable or unfavorable. Managers can use product-country match information to assess consumers' purchase intentions, and assist them in managing their product's COO. Data collected from consumers in Ireland, Mexico, and the United States demonstrate the product-country match framework and its strategic implications.

Matching Product Catgeory and Country Image Perceptions: A Framework for Managing Country-of-Origin Effects

Direct foreign investment in manufacturing abroad has a number of consequences for the firm. One aspect, particularly salient when the company's image is tied to its home country, is the impact of the DFI upon customer perceptions of the brand. The present study shows how changes in perceptions can be assessed prior to the investment decision, and how the brand value consequences of a particular location can be estimated. The proposed method is illustrated using data from a Japanese company's entry into the U.S.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.jibs.8490861.pdf

Multinational Production: Effect on Brand Value

Key Results * This paper proposes an integrative-dynamic paradigm of country image (CIE) that explains how CIE influences product and brand perceptions and how these perceptions change over time. Six research propositions are given for testing the model. Theory and International Marketing The purpose of this paper is to propose a theoretical structure to what is known as country-of-origin effect. That there is a need for better paradigms in international marketing is axiomatic. Albaum and Peterson (1984, pp. 162-163), commenting on the findings of several authors' evaluation of the state of international marketing research (Cavusgil and Nevin 1981, Boddewyn 1981, Bilkey and Nes 1982), concluded that "with few exceptions, existing research on international marketing issues is fragmentary, generally atheoretic, and not sufficiently programmatic to offer anything other than simplistic and incomplete insights into the underlying phenomena of interest." Moreover, some scholars belie the fact that international marketing lacks a central research paradigm (Soldner 1984). Sheth (1992) takes a pessimistic view that "most determinants of international marketing are ad hoc ... unstable and, therefore, not subject to theory building opportunities." If international marketing theory is to be advanced, there will have to be more emphasis on theory-driven data analysis and less emphasis on the immediate applicability of results (Montgomery, Wernerfelt and Balakrishnan 1989). While it may be premature to think in terms of a theory of international marketing, theories in international marketing may be used as building blocks to achieve the former. International marketing would be comprised of a number concepts, each having its own theoretical structure. One such concept is country image effect (CIE) on consumer evaluation of products and services. As the globalization of marketing efforts continues, the relationship between country-product image and purchasing behavior becomes more important. While there is no consensus definition of CIE (Sauer, Young and Unnava 1991), it is generally understood to stand for the impact that generalizations and perceptions about a country have on a person's evaluations of the country's products and/or brand. The growing importance of CIE has been reflected in academic research. Reviewing CIE literature of the past 30 years, Peterson and Jolibert (1994) identified 187 articles in academic journals. Moreover, a book of original research papers (Papadopoulos and Heslop 1993) has been published on the subject. In spite of all the generalizations deduced from the combined literature on CIE, a recurring criticism is that they have no integrating theory (Liefeld 1993). Most studies to date are descriptive and some are limited by methodological flaws (Cf. Bilkey and Nes 1982, Jaffe and Nebenzahl 1984, Johansson 1989, Obermiller and Spangenberg 1989, Martin and Eroglu 1993, Douglas and Craig 1992). A major flaw concerns research design, e.g., the fact that many studies are univariate, treating CIE as the only cue affecting product evaluations. Another flaw is the lack of validity and reliability measures of constructs. While there are some tested constructs of CIE (e.g., Erickson, Johannson and Chao 1984, Han 1989, Heimbach, Johansson and MacLachlan 1989, Roth and Romeo 1992), a collection of constructs and variables does not necessarily make a theory (Bacharach 1989). In the remainder of this paper the authors discuss the requirements for theory development. As a first step towards a theory of CIE, a suggested taxonomy is presented. In the next part, this taxonomy is utilized in order to structure the major empirically derived constructs of CIE that are found in the literature. These constructs are then integrated into a dynamic, general model of CIE. Finally, a number of research propositions are suggested for testing the model. A Framework for Theory Development According to Dubin (1978) a theory must contain six elements: what, how, and why; and who, where and when. …

Towards a Theory of Country Image Effect on Product Evaluation

Image, images and imagination how to measure country image the theory of country, brand and product images it's all in the eyes of the consumer managing country of origin effects by the firm managing country of origin effects by industry and government legal aspects of country image eCommerce.

National Image and Competitive Advantage: The Theory and Practice of Country-Of-Origin Effect

An attitudinal study reveals that most consumers do not object to product placement in motion pictures and prefer it over alternative forms of on-the-screen promotional activities because it is con...

Consumers' Attitudes Toward Product Placement in Movies

States that few studies have attempted to measure the joint effect of brand and country images, or the dimensions of these images, on consumer evaluation of global products. Suggests a methodology for defining product value by consumers’ perception of brand and country image dimensions when sourced internationally. Brand‐country image profiles were factor analysed to provide dimensions of each brand‐country combination. Shows that consumer perception of product value changes, evidenced by brand‐country dimensions, as production is sourced internationally, and suggests a modified marketing strategy.

Israel D. Nebenzahl

Papers

Multinational Production: Effect on Brand Value

Towards a Theory of Country Image Effect on Product Evaluation

National Image and Competitive Advantage: The Theory and Practice of Country-Of-Origin Effect

Consumers' Attitudes Toward Product Placement in Movies

Measuring the joint effect of brand and country image in consumer evaluation of global products