In this concluding essay I shall try to reconstruct what seem to me the central questions about trust that the individual contributions presented in this volume raise and partly answer. In the first section, I briefly qualify the claim that there is a degree of rational cooperation that should but does not exist, and I shall give a preliminary indication of the importance of the beliefs we hold about others, over and above the importance of the motives we may have for cooperation. In the second section, I define trust and the general conditions under which it becomes relevant for cooperation. In the third, I discuss the extent to which cooperation can come about independently of trust, and also whether trust can be seen as a result rather than a precondition of cooperation. In the final section, I address the question of whether there are rational reasons for people to trust and especially whether there are reasons to trust trust and, correspondingly, distrust distrust.

Can We Trust Trust

Introduction 1. On hospitality: rereading Kant's cosmopolitan doctrine 2. 'The right to have rights': Hannah Arendt and the contradictions of the nation-state 3. The law of peoples, distributive justice and migrations 4. Transformations of citizenship: the case of the European Union 5. Democratic iterations: the local, the national and the global Conclusion References Index.

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The rights of others : aliens, residents, and citizens

Preface Introduction 1. Liberalism's rights-preferences couple 2. Beyond the rights-preferences couple 3. The form and outline of the argument Part I. The Nature of Needs: 4. Need categories 5. Vital needs 6. Particular social needs 7. Agency needs 8. The natures of needs: historical, normative, political Part II. The Formation and Interpretation of Needs: 9. Generation and legitimation 10. Normative power and the institution of private property 11. Perception and interpretation 12. Oppression and need 13. True interests 14. The concepts of true interest Part III. The Political Evaluation of Needs: 15. Freedom and rights: a critique of the concept of 'civil society' 16. Practices, institutions, and the evaluation of institutions 17. Roles: reclaiming the census 18. Practical reason and practical imperatives Part IV. The State of Needs: 19. The state 20. The modern state, coercion and power 21. The state as ultimate evaluator and guarantor for meeting needs 22. Need priority: practical not theoretical 23. Political participation: procedural and institutional proposals 24. Legitimacy and paternalism 25. States of needs Conclusion: What needs to be done? The case of South Africa Bibliography Index.

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The Political Philosophy of Needs

A blind spot? the birth of an ideology clearing away the rubbish print culture nationalising religion the culture of science anatomising human nature the science of politics secularising modernising happiness from good sense to sensibility nature did the mind have a sex? education - a panacea the vulgar the pursuit of wealth reform progress the revolutionary era - "modern philosophy" lasting light?

Enlightenment: Britain and the Creation of the Modern World

1. Introduction 2. Fear, interest and honor 3. The spirit and its expression 4. The ancient world 5. Medieval Europe 6. From Sun King to Revolution 7. Imperialism and World War I 8. World War II 9. Hitler to Bush and beyond 10. General findings and conclusions.

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A Cultural Theory of International Relations

Preface List of abbreviations 1. Needs and justice in the Wealth of Nations: an introductory essay Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff 2. Where had the Scottish economy got to by the third quarter of the eighteenth century? T. C. Smout 3. Gershom Carmichael and the natural jurisprudence tradition in eighteenth-century Scotland James Moore and Michael Silverthorne 4. The Scottish professoriate and the polite academy, 1720-46 Peter Jones 5. From applied theology to social analysis: the break between John Locke and the Scottish Enlightenment John Dunn 6. The Scottish Enlightenment at the limits of the civic tradition John Robertson 7. Adam Smith as civic moralist Nicholas Phillipson 8. The legal needs of a commercial society: the jurisprudence of Lord Kames David Lieberman 9. Cambridge paradigms and Scotch philosophers: a study of the relations between the civic humanist and the civil jurisprudential interpretation of eighteenth-century social thought J. G. A. Pocock 10. Adam Smith's 'enduring particular result': a political and cosmopolitan perspective Donald Winch 11. The 'rich country-poor country' debate in Scottish classical political economy Istvan Hont 12. John Millar and individualism Michael Ignatieff 13. Scottish echoes in eighteenth-century Italy Franco Venturi Index.

Wealth and virtue : the shaping of political economy in the Scottish enlightenment

This collection explores eighteenth-century theories of international market competition that continue to be relevant for the twenty-first century. 'Jealousy of Trade' refers to a particular conjunction between politics and the economy that emerged when success in international trade became a matter of the military and political survival of nations. Today, it would be called 'economic nationalism', and in this book Istvan Hont connects the commercial politics of nationalism and globalization in the eighteenth century to theories of commercial society and Enlightenment ideas of the economic limits of politics. The book begins with an analysis of how the notion of 'commerce' was added to Hobbes' 'state of nature' by Samuel Pufendorf. Hont then considers British neo-Machiavellian political economy after the Glorious Revolution. From there he moves to a novel interpretation of the political economy of the Scottish Enlightenment, particularly of David Hume and Adam Smith, concluding with a conceptual history of nation-state and nationalism in the French Revolution. "Jealousy of Trade" combines political theory with intellectual history, illuminating the past but also considering the challenges of today.

Jealousy of Trade: International Competition and the Nation-State in Historical Perspective

It is said that the people are sovereign; but over whom? – over themselves, apparently. The people are thus subject. There is surely something equivocal if not erroneous here, for the people which command are not the people which obey. It is enough, then, to put the general proposition, ‘The people are sovereign’, to feel that it needs an exegesis…. The people, it will be said, exercise their sovereignty by means of their representatives. This begins to make sense. The people are the sovereign which cannot exercise sovereignty…(Joseph De Maistre, Study on Sovereignty)Someone was speaking to Sieyes of the scorn that his detractors continually affect for what they call ‘grand theories’. ‘Theories’, he said, ‘are the practice of centuries; all their practices are the theory of the passing moment!(Pierre Louis Roederer)1

The Permanent Crisis of a Divided Mankind: ‘Contemporary Crisis of the Nation State’ in Historical Perspective

Since … according to Smith, a society is not happy, of which the greater part suffers – yet even the wealthiest state of society leads to this suffering of the majority – and since the economic system (and in general a society based on private interest) leads to this wealthiest condition, it follows that the goal of the economic system is the unhappiness of society. Karl Marx, ‘Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844’ No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable… Compared, indeed, with the more extravagant luxury of the greater, [the labourer's] accommodation must no doubt appear extremely simple and easy – and yet it may be true, perhaps, that the accommodation of an European prince does not always so much exceed that of an industrious and frugal peasant, as the accommodation of the latter exceeds that of many an African king, the absolute master of the lives and liberties of ten thousand naked savages. Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations (Bk I, Chs. I and VIII) No clear definition of the identity of political economy in eighteenth-century Scotland can be given unless an account is offered of the central questions which Adam Smith was trying to answer when he wrote the Wealth of Nations . This in turn requires that we should be able to understand the relation between Smith's concerns as a moral philosopher, as a professor of jurisprudence and as a political economist.

Wealth and Virtue: Needs and justice in the Wealth of Nations : an introductory essay

The Science of a Legislator: The Natural Jurisprudence of David Hume & Adam Smith.@@@Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment.

Istvan Hont

Papers

Wealth and virtue : the shaping of political economy in the Scottish enlightenment

Jealousy of Trade: International Competition and the Nation-State in Historical Perspective

The Permanent Crisis of a Divided Mankind: ‘Contemporary Crisis of the Nation State’ in Historical Perspective

Wealth and Virtue: Needs and justice in the Wealth of Nations : an introductory essay

The Science of a Legislator: The Natural Jurisprudence of David Hume & Adam Smith.@@@Wealth and Virtue: The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment.