Independientemente de que el trabajo domestico remunerado haya sido y continua siendo uno de los trabajos puntuales que historicamente ha involucrado mayor mano de obra femenina, principalmente de los sectores populares, marginados y migrantes, ya sea a nivel global o local; este sigue siendo un nicho laboral del cual, muy poco se ha escrito, sobre todo de las relaciones entre empleadora y trabajadora del hogar. Esta tesis, por tanto, investiga en torno a este vinculo tomando en cuenta la arista de la migracion; no hay que olvidar que Ecuador se ha caracterizado por ser un pais emisor de migrantes y no receptor de inmigrantes. En esta linea, el trabajo analiza la condicion de refugio tomando en cuenta las limitaciones del caso, considerando los testimonios de las entrevistas a profundidad realizadas, tanto a refugiadas como a empleadoras ecuatorianas. El texto es una ventana que permite entrar a un ambito que poco se ha explorado, el mismo que es basico para entender y comprender de que manera las relaciones de poder y practicas que el sistema de organizacion social de reproduccion contiene, si ha sufrido rupturas o no a lo largo de la historia. Por ultimo, a traves de esta puerta se puede observar como la situacion que estas mujeres migrantes refugiadas atraviesan, les convoca a reconstruir, en ciertos casos, las identidades que en sus paises tenian para poder salir avanti en sus nuevas vidas. Esta reconfiguracion es un eje constante, que no esta ausente, en su recorrido laboral en Ecuador, en su empleo como trabajadora del hogar remunerada. Los resultados de este estudio, mas que desvelar preguntas, dejan interrogantes; por ello, esta investigacion aspira a ser un cimiento para futuros proyectos que son indispensables de realizarlos, contemplando la etapa que actualmente Ecuador esta viviendo como pais receptor.

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Aproximación a un mundo oculto : la experiencia del trabajo doméstico en refugiadas colombianas

Gendered mobility has attempted to understand the way in which mobility and gender are constantly shaped and built through travel choices, behaviors, and transport planning. This study sought to find a relationship between gender-based violence (sexual and street harassment and sexual abuse and assault) in mobility throughout Manizales, a medium-sized Colombian city, considering all modes of transport (walking, biking, driving private cars, motorcycles, and using public transit). Moreover, to measure the changes in travel choice and behaviors caused by violent incidents, a self-reported survey was designed and applied, through a mix of electronic and physical questionnaires, administered to users in Manizales. Furthermore, a chi-squared statistical test was conducted, so as to understand the relationships between variables, especially gender. Women reported higher incident rates of gender-based violence thana men, as experienced in modes of transport such as public transit, walking, and bike riding. Women also tended to use private modes of transport (cars, motorcycles, or taxicabs) because of gender-based violence incidents. Those incidents limit individuals’ rights to the city, as well as access to opportunities. If decision-makers want to implement successful, sustainable mobility projects, they must guarantee users' safety, as violent situations could boost changes in favor of private modes of transport, such as cars and motorcycles. Future investigations should consider minority groups, like LGBTIQ + communities, as they experience more dangerous cases of gender-based violence and discrimination in cities. 

Gender-based violence and Women’s mobility, findings from a medium-sized Colombian city: A quantitative approach

According to the Colombian Labour Ministry, in 2015, 750,000 persons officially worked as household employees. Ninety-eight per cent of these employees are women who tend to live in Bogota’s (southern) urban fringe and travel to the city’s wealthier north on a daily basis. Yet public transportation in the Colombian capital is subject to stratification. Besides overcrowding and delays, petty crime and sexual harassment, fringe areas remain underserved. Based on ethnographic data, in this chapter, the authors discuss findings from a 3-year research project on female household employees’ subjective experience of space. Specifically, the authors explore their capacity (motility) to be mobile. This perspective breaks with the limits of bounded categories such as ‘urban’, ‘neighbourhood’ or ‘class’, to highlight their situational and spatial mutability. Moreover, an investigation of motility includes people’s potential to move as well as their subjective experiences of mobility. The research shows how gender intersects with local labour regimes and infrastructure to negatively affect women’s mobility. Urban stratification is not only a question of locale of residence and access to services, but importantly (re)produced in the household employees’ subjective experience of their daily commute, which they describe as suffering. In their limited spare time, female household employees abstain from travelling, effectively curbing their active appropriation of urban space. The research thus illuminates how spatial, social and economic dimensions mutually interact to impact on the women’s lives and possibilities.

Ivette S. Sepúlveda Sanabria

Papers

‘Like Sardines in a Can’. Gender, Stratification and Mobility in the Lives of Female Household Employees in Bogotá, Colombia