Polycarboxylic acids are being developed as new nonformaldehyde finishes for cotton fabrics to replace the traditional dimethyloldihydroxylethyleneurea. In this research, Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FT-IR/PAS) was used to char acterize the intermolecular ester crosslinkages in cotton cellulose. When esterification occurs between a polycarboxylic acid and cotton cellulose, the carbonyls retained in the cotton exist in three forms: ester, carboxylic acid, and carboxylate anion. The FT- IR data show that the band of the ester carbonyl can be separated from the bands of the other two carbonyls; therefore, the ester crosslinkages of the finished cotton fabrics can be compared on a semiquantitative basis with FT-IR spectroscopy. FT-IR/PAS was used to study the hydrolysis of the ester linkages, the recurability of the finished cotton fabrics, and the distribution of ester crosslinkages between the surfaces of the cotton fabrics and their interiors.

Characterizing Ester Crosslinkages in Cotton Cellulose with FT-IR Photoacoustic Spectroscopy 1

Fourier transform photoacoustic spectroscopy (FT-IR/PAS) has proven to be a powerful technique for the near-surface characterization of solid materials. The effective sampling depth of FT-IR/PAS can be varied by using different interferometer mirror velocities, so that nondestructive depth profiling can be performed. In this research, sized cotton yarns, treated glass fibers, chemically modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers, and a naturally weathered poly(vinyl chloride) composite were investigated with the use of FT-IR/PAS at different mirror velocities. Penetration of the chemical additives in these materials was studied. It was demonstrated that FT-IR/PAS has the ability to investigate the changes in chemical nature within the detectable surface layers of solid samples.

Near-Surface Analysis and Depth Profiling by FT-IR Photoacoustic Spectroscopy:

Chapter 8 Characterization of biomaterial surfaces

Characterization of Biomaterial Surfaces

The article contains sections titled:



1.	Introduction	
2.	Techniques	
2.1.	Fourier Transform Infrared Technique	
2.2.	Dispersive and Fourier Transform Raman Techniques	
3.	Basic Principles of Vibrational Spectroscopy	
3.1.	The Vibrational Spectrum	
3.2.	QuantitativeAnalysis	
3.3.	The Symmetry of Molecules and Molecular Vibrations; SelectionRules	
4.	Interpretation of Infrared and Raman Spectra of Organic Compounds	
4.1.	The Concept of Group Frequencies	
4.2.	Methyl and Methylene Groups	
4.3.	Alkene Groups	
4.4.	Aromatic Rings	
4.5.	Triple Bonds and Cumulated Double Bonds	
4.6.	Ethers, Alcohols, and Phenols	
4.6.1.	Ethers	
4.6.2.	Alcohols and Phenols	
4.7.	Amines, Azo, and Nitro Compounds	
4.7.1.	Amines	
4.7.2.	Azo Compounds	
4.7.3.	Nitro Compounds	
4.8.	CarbonylCompounds	
4.8.1.	Ketones	
4.8.2.	Aldehydes	
4.8.3.	Carboxylic Acids	
4.8.4.	Carboxylate Salts	
4.8.5.	Anhydrides	
4.8.6.	Esters	
4.8.7.	Lactones	
4.8.8.	Carbonate Salts	
4.8.9.	Amides	
4.8.10.	Lactams	
4.9.	Sulfur-Containing Compounds	
4.9.1.	Thiols	
4.9.2.	Sulfides and Disulfides	
4.9.3.	Sulfones	
4.10.	Computer-Aided Spectral Interpretation	
5.	Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy	
5.1.	Infrared Spectroscopy	
5.1.1.	Transmission Spectroscopy	
5.1.2.	External Reflection Spectroscopy	
5.1.3.	Internal Reflection Spectroscopy	
5.1.4.	Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy	
5.1.5.	Emission Spectroscopy	
5.1.6.	Photoacoustic Spectroscopy	
5.1.7.	Chromatography/Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy	
5.1.8.	Thermogravimetry/Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy	
5.1.9.	Vibrational Circular Dichroism	
5.2.	Raman Spectroscopy	
5.3.	Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman Microspectroscopy	
5.4.	Time-Resolved FT-IR and FT-Raman Spectroscopy	
5.5.	Vibrational Spectroscopic Imaging	
5.6.	Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers	
6.	Near-Infrared Spectroscopy	
6.1.	Comparison of Mid-Infrared and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy	
6.2.	Applications of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

J.A. Graham

Papers

9 – fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy of condensed-phase samples