Cancerous diseases in aquatic animals and their association with environmental pollutants: A critical literature review

A survey of the literature and of work being done in vertebrate cell culture shows that there are currently in existence and available to investigators some 61 cell lines representing 17 families and 36 species of fish. The literature of fish virology shows that at least 17 fish viruses have been isolated and that at least 15 others have been visualized by electron microscopy. A minimum of four major virus groups—rhabdovirus, orthomyxovirus, iridovirus and herpesvirus—are known from fish. Original references, key reviews and sources of cell lines are given.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/20170400

Poikilotherm vertebrate cell lines and viruses: A current listing for fishes

https://www.vetexotic.theclinics.com/article/S1094-9194(04)00028-3/pdf

Neoplasia in fishes.

Linkages Between Chemical Contaminants and Tumors in Benthic Great Lakes Fish

Skin tumours of fish are easily recognizable lesions, some of which have been known for centuries. Causes of fish tumour formation are varied and are often proposed to be multifactorial. In more than half of all cases examined by electron rnicroscopy and virological methods, virus or virus-hke particles were found in tumour tissues. So far, oncogenicity has been clearly demonstrated only for herpesviruses isolated from benign tumours. Classification of fish skin tumours, tumour-associated and turnour-inducing viruses, and the possible reasons for seasonal variation in slun tumour prevalence, are revlewed. It is postulated that fundamental principles determne the role of viruses in the induction of skin tumours of fish within a framework of different biological and environmental parameters.

https://www.int-res.com/articles/dao/19/d019p215.pdf

Role of Viruses in the induction of skin tumours and tumour-like proliferations of fish

Papillomatosis of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) was studied with regard to epizootiology, gross and histologic pathology, and host response. It was found to be a condition of parr in their second summer, but also occasionally of young adult fish (smolts and grilse) which have adapted to salt water. The lesion was plaque-like to papillomatous and consisted of stratified squamous epithelium with supporting stroma. Immunologic findings tended to support histologic observations that the lesion was ultimately sloughed as a result of a cell mediated immune response.

https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Wildlife-Diseases/volume-13/issue-3/0090-3558-13.3.230/AN-EPIDERMAL-PAPILLOMA-OF-THE-ATLANTIC-SALMON-I--EPIZOOTIOLOGY/10.7589/0090-3558-13.3.230.pdf

An epidermal papilloma of the Atlantic salmon I: Epizootiology, pathology and immunology.

Ultrastructure of the Atlantic salmon papilloma was studied, and virus isolation was attempted. The papilloma cells were similar to normal epidermis in having interdigitating cell membranes with desmosomes. The nuclei, however, were more regular in shape than normal epidermal nuclei and the chromatin tended to be marginated and clumped. No cytopathic viral agents were isolated.

An epidermal papilloma of the atlantic salmon ii: ultrastructure and etiology1

Abstract California’s Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment has updated the comprehensive age-specific model of lead metabolism in humans published by Richard W. Leggett in 1993. The updated model, called Leggett+, was introduced in a peer-reviewed report in 2013. The Leggett + model simulates the relationship between blood lead and exposure in the workplace. Leggett + includes a workplace exposure model comprising respiratory tract intake (workplace lead inhaled by a worker) and uptake (lead absorbed into the blood from the respiratory tract plus uptake from ambient air and diet). The latter is calculated as intake times an inhalation transfer coefficient plus background uptake. An adjusted adult systemic model describes the metabolism of the absorbed lead. This paper provides details about the workplace exposure and uptake elements of Leggett+, an updated approach to calibrating an inhalation transfer coefficient, confirmation of the model’s performance in predicting blood lead levels from workplace studies, and predictions of blood lead levels from simulated exposures to workplace airborne lead over a working lifetime. Blood lead relative to airborne lead concentrations in a standard workplace scenario predicted by Leggett + was similar to corresponding relationships from four published workplace studies. Leggett + predictions displayed a good fit to regression equations when other key factors were considered such as pre-employment blood lead and ongoing background intake of lead, workplace air concentration, lead aerosol characteristics, and worker activity levels. The comprehensive Leggett + model can simulate plausible workplace air–blood lead relationships from a broad range of worker exposures. The inhalation transfer coefficient of 0.30, derived from empirical data described in the 2013 report has been reexamined. The original estimate continues to represent a plausible mid-point for a coefficient derived from an expanded range of theoretical particle size distributions deposited in the upper and lower regions of the respiratory tract considering intake during sedentary and outdoor activity breathing scenarios. This coefficient is slightly lower than the value of 0.35 estimated for unknown forms of lead by Leggett in 1993.

Evaluation and updates to the Leggett model for pharmacokinetic modeling of exposure to lead in the workplace – Part II adjustments to the adult exposure model, confirmation of Leggett+, and modeling of workplace exposure

J. C. Carlisle

Papers

An epidermal papilloma of the Atlantic salmon I: Epizootiology, pathology and immunology.

An epidermal papilloma of the atlantic salmon ii: ultrastructure and etiology1

Evaluation and updates to the Leggett model for pharmacokinetic modeling of exposure to lead in the workplace – Part II adjustments to the adult exposure model, confirmation of Leggett+, and modeling of workplace exposure