https://orbit.dtu.dk/files/3249858/2007_333.pdf

Critical comparison of radiometric and mass spectrometric methods for the determination of radionuclides in environmental, biological and nuclear waste samples.

https://orbit.dtu.dk/files/9889307/Postprint_determination.pdf

Determination of technetium-99 in environmental samples: A review

The review surveys main chemical properties of technetium, methods of its isolation and determination and its behaviour during reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel and in environmental objects. Methods for extraction and isolation of technetium as a hazardous long-lived radionuclide are described. Prospects of using technetium in industrial processes and in medicine are considered. The bibliography includes 276 references.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1070/RC2003v072n02ABEH000785/pdf

Technetium: behaviour during reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel and in environmental objects

The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident has renewed considerable public concern about the dangers posed by radioactive contamination in the environment and the related internal exposure from the contaminating radionuclides. Sensitive and accurate analysis of radiation sources, and the amount and range of radioactive contamination is essential for effective radiation protection. This review describes atomic spectrometric techniques employed in radiation protection, such as accelerator mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, proton-induced X-ray emission and synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Applications of atomic spectrometric techniques in radio-ecological studies in several significant nuclear contamination events in Japan, studies using a suitable stable element as an analogue of long-lived radionuclides related to high-level radioactive waste disposal, and microbeam elemental analysis for estimation of internal radionuclides radiation, are reviewed to highlight the important role of atomic spectrometric techniques in radiation protection. Finally, future research perspectives of atomic spectrometric techniques for radiation protection with an emphasis on the Fukushima nuclear accident are briefly outlined.

The key role of atomic spectrometry in radiation protection

Liquid scintillation counting (LSC) is a major technique not only for measurement of pure beta emitting radionuclides, but also radionuclides decay by electron capture and alpha emission. Although it is a conventional radiometric technique, but still a competitive techniques for the measurement of many radionuclides. This paper summaries the major development of this measurement technique in instrumentation, methodology and applications in the past decades. The progresses in the instrumentation and methodology mainly focus on the commercialization of triple-to-double coincidence ratio based LSC techniques and its application in the determination of different radionuclides. An overall review and discussion on the LSC based analytical methods for the determination of major radionuclides in environmental researches, decommissioning of nuclear faculties and nuclear application are presented, in both measurement techniques and sample preparation using radiochemical separation. Meanwhile the problems and challenges in the development and application of the LSC are also discussed.

/pdf/liquid-scintillation-counting-for-determination-of-1zs5ibnevt.pdf

J Caborn

Papers

Optimised method for the routine determination of Technetium-99 in environmental samples by liquid scintillation counting