Note: This article was originally published with an incorrect version of the Acknowledgments, which appeared on p. 218 of the print version. The correct version of the Acknowledgments appeared on pp. 1–2. The corrected article is available below.

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Human Health Risk Assessment for Aluminium, Aluminium Oxide, and Aluminium Hydroxide

A contactless capacitively coupled conductivity detector for capillary electrophoresis is introduced. The detector consists of two electrodes which are placed cylindrically around the outer polyimide coating of the fused-silica capillary with a detection gap of 2 mm. The electrodes form a cylindrical capacitor, and the electric conductivity of the solution in the gap between the electrodes is measured. A high audio or low ultrasonic frequency for coupling of the ac voltage is used in order to minimize the influence of reactance of the liquid. For an improved version of the detector, two syringe cannulas are used as the electrodes and the capillary is simply assembled into the tubing. This allows an easy placement of the detector on various positions along the capillary. The limit of detection of inorganic cations and anions is 200 ppb, as determined for sodium and chloride, respectively.

Contactless conductivity detection for capillary electrophoresis.

Literature regarding the biochemistry of aluminum and eight similar ions is reviewed. Close and hitherto unknown similarities were found. A hypothetical model is presented for the metabolism, based on documented direct observations of Al3+ and analogies from other ions. Main characteristics are low intestinal absorption, rapid urinary excretion, and slow tissue uptake, mostly in skeleton and reticuloendothelial cells. Intracellular Al3+ is probably first confined in the lysosomes but then slowly accumulates in the cell nucleus and chromatin. Large, long-lived cells, e.g., neurons, may be the most liable to this accumulation. In heterochromatin, Al3+ levels can be found comparable to those used in leather tannage. It is proposed that an accumulation may take place at a subcellular level without any significant increase in the corresponding tissue concentration. The possible effects of this accumulation are discussed. As Al3+ is neurotoxic, the brain metabolism is most interesting. The normal and the lethally toxic brain levels of Al3+ are well documented and differ only by a factor of 3-10. The normal brain uptake of Al3+ is estimated from data on intestinal uptake of Al3+ and brain uptake of radionuclides of similar ions administered intravenously. The uptake is very slow, 1 mg in 36 years, and is consistent with an assumption that Al3+ taken up by the brain cannot be eliminated and is therefore accumulated. The possibility that Al3+ may cause or contribute to some specific diseases, most of them related to aging, is discussed with the proposed metabolic picture in mind.

Metabolism and possible health effects of aluminum.

3 Slurry Sample Introduction 3.1 Preparation and Mixing of Slurries 3.1.1 Use of stabilizing agents 3.1.2 Magnetic stirring and vortex mixing 3.1.3 Ultrasonic agitation 3.1.4 Gas mixing of slurry 3.1.5 Pre-digestion of slurry 3.1.6 Electric dispersion in a condensed medium 3.2 Influence of Particle Size 3.3 Influence of Slurry Concentration 3.4 Chemical Modification 3.5 Calibration 3.6 Applications of Slurry Sample Introduction

Solid sampling in electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using commercial atomizers. A review

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Toxicological profile for aluminum

Atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with a carbon-filament atom reservoir: Part III. a study of the determination of cadmium by atomic fluorescence spectroscopy with an unenclosed atom reservoir

J.F. Alder

Papers

Atomic absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy with a carbon-filament atom reservoir: Part III. a study of the determination of cadmium by atomic fluorescence spectroscopy with an unenclosed atom reservoir

The single element determination of trace metals in hair by carbon-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

The design and development of a multichannel atomic absorption spectrometer for the simultaneous determination of trace metals in hair

Determination of traces of chloride in solution by microwave-induced plasma emission spectrometry using chlorine generation

The determination of chloride by microwave helium plasma emission spectrometry using a hydrogen chloride generation technique