IT is well known that oil – alkali-metal soap (or cationic soap, such as cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) – water systems of certain concentrations exist as transparent, electrically non-conducting dispersions, in which the oil is the continuous phase. Dilution of these systems with excess water inverts them to oil-in-water emulsions which are milky for low soap/oil ratios and transparent for sufficiently high soap/oil ratios. The transparent oil-continuous systems are familiar as 'soluble-oil' and similar concentrates: the essential conditions for their formation are (1) highsoap/water ratio, (2) the presence of an alcohol, fatty acid, amine or other non-ionized amphipathic substance in mol-fraction approximately equal to that of the soap.

Transparent Water-in-Oil Dispersions: the Oleopathic Hydro-Micelle

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Nanoparticles of conjugated polymers.

Submicron Emulsions as Colloidal Drug Carriers for Intravenous Administration: Comprehensive Physicochemical Characterization

Some observations on binary and ternary aerosol OT systems

(2002). Spontaneous Emulsification: Mechanisms, Physicochemical Aspects, Modeling, and Applications. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology: Vol. 23, No. 1-3, pp. 219-268.

J. H. Schulman

Papers

Molecular interactions at oil/water interfaces. Part I. Molecular complex formation and the stability of oil in water emulsions