Methods and devices for monitoring distributed electric power are disclosed, including energy devices with a sensor for monitoring an electric circuit, and a memory to store sensor measurements. Various techniques are disclosed for using polymeric RAM, 1T-DRAM, enhanced SRAM, magnetoresistive RAM, organic RAM, chalcogenide RAM, holographic memory, PLEDM, single-electron RAM, fractal cluster glass memory and other technologies in energy devices with high-endurance, high-density, high-capacity, non-volatile, solid-state, or removable memories.

High density random access memory in an intelligent electric device

Semiconductor dies are bonded to contact pads formed in a substrate's cavity. Vias through the substrate open into the cavity. Conductive lines passing through the vias connect the contact pads in the cavity to contact pads on another side of the substrate. A passage in the substrate opens into the cavity and provides an escape or pressure relief path for material filling the cavity. The passage can also be used to introduce material into the cavity.

Structures having a substrate with a cavity and having an integrated circuit bonded to a contact pad located in the cavity

A multiplexer/demultiplexer is provided for optical interconnection between electronic components on an integrated circuit chip. The multiplexer/demultiplexer includes a substrate formed with an array of photo emitters/detectors and conditioning electronics coupled thereto. A first layer of optically transparent material is formed on the substrate overlying the emitters/detectors and a second layer of optically transparent material, functioning as an optical waveguide, is formed on the first layer. A binary blazed grating is formed at the interface of the two layers. For multiplexing, discrete wavelength optical signals are modulated with data, emitted by the emitters, intercepted by the binary blazed grating, and multiplexed into a polychromatic beam for transmission through the waveguide. For demultiplexing, the discrete wavelengths are separated by the binary blazed grating and directed to corresponding detectors. The conditioning electronics receive and demodulate the output of the detectors to extract data, and format the data for communication with electronic components.

Integrated optical multiplexer and demultiplexer for wavelength division transmission of information

An authentication system using a correlator that correlates an input with a reference wherein at least one of the input and reference comprises a phase volume mask having structures, preferably points, that are each less than about six microns in size and can have an aspect ratio (AR) greater than 1:1 so as to produce a phase encoded random pattern having millions of combinations in a mask that is as small as one square millimeter. The random pattern can be convolved with a second pattern, such as a biometric pattern, to produce a phase convolved mask. The correlator preferably is a nonlinear joint transform correlator that can use “chirp” encoding to permit the input to be located in a different plane than the reference. The correlator optically Fourier transforms images of the reference and input that are thereafter nonlinearly transformed and inverse Fourier transformed by a processor to determine the presence or absence of a correlation spike indicative of authenticity. A spatial light modulator (SLM) can be used as an input or reference and preferably is a liquid crystal panel having pixels or elements whose phase or grey scale intensity can be selectively controlled by a processor. The SLM can be used to display a biometric pattern, preferably scanned in real time from a person, that is correlated against an input or reference that can comprise a label on a card, a tag, or another object.

Authentication system and method

A reflective coherent spatial light modulator (RCSLM) includes a subwavelength resonant grating structure (SWS), the SWS including at least one subwavelength resonant grating layer (SWL) have a plurality of areas defining a plurality of pixels. Each pixel represents an area capable of individual control of its reflective response. A structure for modulating the resonant reflective response of at least one pixel is provided. The structure for modulating can include at least one electro-optic layer in optical contact with the SWS. The RCSLM is scalable in both pixel size and wavelength. A method for forming a RCSLM includes the steps of selecting a waveguide material and forming a SWS in the waveguide material, the SWS formed from at least one SWL, the SWL having a plurality of areas defining a plurality of pixels.

Reflective coherent spatial light modulator

The holographic memory system we describe here integrates the various system components very closely to the crystal by using a smart pixel array and making use of phase-conjugate read-out to eliminate the need for imaging optics. This significantly reduces the alignment requirements and the number of required components. Our angularly multiplexed integrated read/write memory system is shown. An optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) performing the functions of a spatial light modulator and a detector array is attached to the face of a 900-geometry photorefractive crystal perpendicular to the axis of the signal beam, while liquid crystal beam steerers are attached to the two adjacent faces that intersect the reference beam (the beam steerer behind the crystal is not visible in the figure). These beam steerers address the angularly multiplexed memory. Holograms are recorded by signal beam interference.

J.-J. Drolet

Papers

Compact architecture for holographic systems