Since the 1990s suburbanization has been continuing in China along with the deepening of market transition. The process of suburbanization has gone beyond purely government-initiated relocation of households and polluting industries. Based on the newest population census, this paper identifies some major new trends of suburbanization in Beijing. The new round of suburbanization has been driven by the construction of suburban villas and affordable housing, rising private car ownership, the decentralization of industry, and the development of large suburban shopping malls and retail parks. Passively relocated households are no longer the dominant source of suburbanization. Suburbanization in Beijing has evolved into a new stage of more market-oriented development in the suburbs.

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New Trends of Suburbanization in Beijing since 1990: From Government-led to Market-oriented

This article reviews the international research literature on the relationship of urbanization, mental health, and social deviancy. Attention is called to the multidisciplinary and multisectoral nature of the topic, and to its associated definitional, conceptual, and methodological issues and challenges. Selected research literature on rural-urban differences in mental health and social deviancy is reviewed. There is little consensus on the causal relationship between urbanization, mental health, and social deviancy, although numerous environmental and social pathogenic processes have been posited and investigated. Data indicate rural and urban milieus can have both pernicious and salutary consequences and that more research is needed to specify critical etiological factors and their relationship to subpopulation characteristics. Suggestions for improving future research efforts are offered, including the use of more complex theoretical models, measurement indices, and data analysis procedures.

Urbanization, mental health, and social deviancy. A review of issues and research.

Urban forests have played important roles in social, cultural, economic and environmental development of urban centers in West Africa through benefits such as landscape enhancement, provision of recreational and cultural facilities, erosion control, watershed protection and supply of fruits and fuelwood. The growing population and rapid urbanization occasioned by demographic switch from rural to urban society is outstripping the planning and carrying capacity of municipal authorities in West Africa. West African population increased from 132.2 million in 1980 to 234.0 million in 2000 and projected to attain 344.0 million by 2020. This study assessed development of urban forestry, evaluated the effect of populati n growth on urban forests landscape and designed innovative strategies that will ensure sustainability and improvement of urban living environment. Urban forestry development was investigated through secondary data, directed enquiries to relevant stakeholders, on-the-spot assessment and observations of urban and peri-urban forest facilities in selected West African cities. The result revealed that numerous environmental and material benefits are derived from urban forests in West Africa. The types of tree species planted for landscape enhancement, environmental protection and other benefits varied with ecological zones and cultural values. In Sahel savannah, the preponderance of Adansonia digitata, and Acacia species were observed while in Guinea and Sudan savannah, Azadirachta species, Eucalyptus species, Acacia species and Gmelina arborea dominated. Terminalia species, Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis, Delonix regia, species of palm, etc were common in tropical rainforest zone. Rapid urban population growth, limited land area, and poor implementation of government policies are some factors affecting urban forests development in West Africa. To ensure sustainable development, forest management technique that accommodates human, social, political, cultural and economic factors should be adopted. Political goodwill should be secured while appropriate social awareness should be promoted to guarantee that forest initiatives are upheld. Key-words: Urban forestry, landscape, sustainable development, West Africa, Ecological zones Joseph A. Fuwape Jonathan C. Onyekwelu 1Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 704, Akure, Nigeria. joefuwape@yahoo.com Journal of Biodiversity and Ecological Sciences JBES IAU of Tonekabon Branch Tonekabon, Iran info@jbes.ir Received Date:Aug/12/2010 Accepted Date:Nov/19/2010 Original Article No.1, Vol.1, Issue1 ISSN: 2008-9287 Winter 2011 JBES Journal of Biodiversity and Ecological Sciences

Urban forest development in west africa: benefits and challenges

This paper contributes to the pertinent discourse on mega-cities and urban sustainability, using Lagos mega-city as case-study. It is derived from the growing need to appreciate the wider implications of the mega-city phenomenon as a unique feature of contemporary urban change in the developing countries. This need is imperative in the context of Lagos, which has come into fresh limelight through recent flurry of research interests, as well as the initiation of plans for the Lagos Mega-City Project. The purpose of this study is to examine the essential links between the mega-city phenomenon and urban sustainability, with a view to informing policy and strategies for the sustainable development of Lagos mega-city. The research method is a case-study approach involving qualitative analysis of secondary data related to Lagos mega-city, and primary data from participant-observation. The introduction examines the global emergence of mega-cities and the forces driving them. This is followed by a concise review of literature, including the unique challenges facing emerging mega-cities. The paper highlights and justifies how the Lagos Mega-City Project has become imperative as a basis for proposing the application of sustainability principles to the Lagos mega-city reality. It offers policy recommendations from an architectural and urban design perspective and concludes on the need for all stakeholders to respect sustainable development principles, and engage in greater synergy on the future of mega-cities.

Urban sustainability in the context of Lagos mega-city

Sociologists have done little research on the status of tenants in the United States. This paper examines the social, political and economic status of tenants and the conditions which have given rise to tenant mobilization. It focuses on property ownership and property relations as a neglected but persistent aspect of stratification in U.S. society.

The status of tenants in the united states

Part One: Focus and Development 1. The Urban World 2. Emergence of Cities Part Two: American Urbanization 3. The Rise of Urban America 4. Structure and Organization of American Cities 5. Urban Political Economy David A. Smith and Michael F. Timberlak 6. Metropolitan and Edge City Growth Part Three: Urban and Suburban Life 7. City Life-Style 8. Social Environment of the City: Strangers, Neighbors, Crowding, Crime, and 9. Changing Suburbanization Pattern 10. Ethnic Diversity: Ethnics, African-Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Asian American 11. Women in Metropolitan Life Part Four: Problems, Housing, and Planning 12. Introduction 13. Housing and the Community 14. Planning in the United States and Elsewhere Part Five: World Wide Urbanization 15. Less-Developed Countries 16. Asian Urban Patterns 17. African and Middle Eastern Urbanization 18. Urbanization in Latin America Part Six: Conclusion 19. Toward the Urban Future Bibliography Name Index Subject Index

J. John Palen

Papers

The Urban World