This paper describes in great details a thin-shell model (as contrasted to a full-volume model) and its impact on basic concepts within the contemporary cosmology. Although speculative to some extent about the idea of introducing a gravitational fluid in order to imagine a possible expansion mechanism, the paper nevertheless is in agreement with the recent result of the general theory of relativity where the expansion of the pon- derable matter is assumed to had taken place infinitely fast at the beginning. However, we analyzed the existing evidence from a more fundamental point of view where space and time appear as two interrelated physical quantities, are treated like those of the angular mo- mentum and a lifetime, or any other similar physical quantities. This viewpoint seems to be in full agreement with our assumption concerning the observed recession of clusters of galaxies. To expose a possible link between the present thin-shell model and some contem- porary research, in the framework of field theories, we outlined a spiritual basis for a double principle of relativity. There is, on one hand, a well established electromagnetic principle of relativity where the speed of light c plays a dominant part. However, there appears on the other hand, also a specifically gravitational principle of relativity where the speed of gravity cg takes a supreme position in a dynamical description of the ponderable matter.

http://www.pmf.kg.ac.rs/KJS/volumes/kjs29/kjs29novakovic29.pdf

Space, time, and a new approach to the principle of relativity

The doubling of the gravitational light-bending effect, in comparison with Newton’s theoretical prediction, is explained by the space curvature.

/pdf/light-bending-effect-and-space-curvature-4qii46txsv.pdf

Light bending effect and space curvature

The double deflection of a light ray near an attracting center, which was predicted by Einstein, is explained by the space curvature.

Photon's Mass

The Einstein theories of space-time and gravity as well the stander cosmology are reconstructed thoroughly in this paper based on flat reference frame. The rational parts of the Einstein theories are reserved while the irrational parts including space-time paradoxes and singularities and so on are eliminated completely. A more rational the theory of space-time, gravitation and cosmology is established. By transforming the geodesic equation described by the Schwarzschild solution of the Einsteins equation of gravitational field into flat reference frame for of gravitational field, it is provdescription, the revised formulas of the Newtonian gravitation is obtained. Based on the formulas, all experiments which support general relativity can also be explained well, but the theory has no any space-time singularity and other strange characters which exist in general relativity. It is pointed that there exists logical difficulties to use the equivalent principle to explain spectrum gravitational redshift actually. The new formula of gravitational redshift and the revised Doppler formula of redshift when light source moves in gravitational field are deduced. Based on the Schwarzschild solution of the Einstein equation field, it is proved that the speed of light would change and the isotropy of light speed would be violated in gravitational field with spherical symmetry. It is suggested to use the method of the Michelson Morley interference to verify the change of light speed and the violation of isotropy in the gravitational field of the earth. This experiment can be considered as a new verification for general relativity in the weak gravitational field with spherical symmetry. The theory may also be used to explain so-called the Pioneer Anomaly which the Einstein theory of gravitation can not do.

J. Langer

Papers

Experimental verification of general relativity.