!This study presents calibrations allowing absolute thermographic temperature measurements in honey bees and hornets. The band emissivity ( 3.5-5.6 µm) of a heated ~ honey bee thorax (mesosoma) is limited to a range of 0.955-0.990. The development of thoracic heat production was investigated in young honey bees (Apis mellifera carnica). Five-hour-old bees did not actively produce heat in their thoraces, whereas l- and 2-day-old bees did. We made continuous thermograpbic temperature recordings of adult honey bees during stops at a nearby feeding bowl containing 1- sucrose solution. At ambient M temperatures of 23.8-26.2C, thoracic surface temperatures were increased up to 45C, with mean values of 41.4C (41.1 43.7C) after landing and 43.5C before – taking off. initially difficult because of the low heat capacity of deg for the honey-bee thorax). Only the use of very fine thermocouples (wire diameter 50 µm or less) led 瑯 牥汩慢汥 扯摹 瑥浰敲慴畲e 牥捯牤楮杳. 䡯睥癥爬 7

Thermographic Determination of Body Temperatures in Honey Bees and Hornets: Calibration and Applications

The work reported indicates that a continuously stirred water bath forms an adequate reference target for the calibration of thermographs. Targets of various sizes can be produced easily and are useful for testing the performances of these instruments.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9155/30/8/009/pdf

J Lubbers

Papers

A water surface as a thermal reference object for thermography