Ferroelectric, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric thin films and ceramics are reviewed with the aim of providing an insight into different processes which may affect the behaviour of ferroelectric devices, such as ferroelectric memories and micro-electro-mechanical systems. Taking into consideration recent advances in this field, topics such as polarization switching, polarization fatigue, effects of defects, depletion layers, and depolarization fields on hysteresis loop behaviour, and contributions of domain-wall displacement to dielectric and piezoelectric properties are discussed. An introduction into dielectric, pyroelectric, piezoelectric and elastic properties of ferroelectric materials, symmetry considerations, coupling of electro-mechanical and thermal properties, and definitions of relevant ferroelectric phenomena are provided.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/61/9/002/pdf

Ferroelectric, dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric thin films and ceramics

Investigations in the development of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics have recently claimed comparable properties to the lead-based ferroelectric perovskites, represented by Pb(Zr,Ti)O3, or PZT In this work, the scientific and technical impact of these materials is contrasted with the various families of “soft” and “hard” PZTs On the scientific front, the intrinsic nature of the dielectric and piezoelectric properties are presented in relation to their respective Curie temperatures (T
 C) and the existence of a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) Analogous to PZT, enhanced properties are noted for MPB compositions in the (Na,Bi)TiO3-BaTiO3 and ternary system with (K,Bi)TiO3, but offer properties significantly lower The consequences of a ferroelectric to antiferroelectric transition well below T
 C further limits their usefulness Though comparable with respect to T
 C, the high levels of piezoelectricity reported in the (K,Na)NbO3 family are the result of enhanced polarizability associated with the orthorhombic-tetragonal polymorphic phase transition being compositionally shifted downward As expected, the properties are strongly temperature dependent, while degradation occurs through the thermal cycling between the two distinct ferroelectric domain states Extrinsic contributions arising from domains and domain wall mobility were determined using high field strain and polarization measurements The concept of “soft” and “hard” lead-free piezoelectrics were discussed in relation to donor and acceptor modified PZTs, respectively Technologically, the lead-free materials are discussed in relation to general applications, including sensors, actuators and ultrasound transducers

Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics: Alternatives for PZT?

Part 1 General Tables Part 1 covers the fundamentals of the physics of condensed matter. Fundamental physical constants are qualitatively described and recently recommended numerical values are presented. A short review of The International System of Units (SI) is given and the concepts of base physical quantities and derived physical quantities on which the SI is founded is explained. A number of non-SI units which are still in use are also discussed. Periodic solids, which represent the major proportion of condensed matter are used to introduce briefly the basics of modern crystallography. A coherent introduction to the formalism required is given and the basic concepts and technical terms are briefly explained. 1.1 The Fundamental Constants 1.2 The International System of Units 1.3 Rudiments of Crystallography Part 2 The Elements Part 2 The Elements provides tables of the physical and physicochemical properties of the elements. Emphasis is placed on properties of the elements in the condensed state. The tables are structured according to the Periodic Table. Most of the tables deal with the properties of elements of one particular group of the Periodic Table. Only the elements of the first period (hydrogen and helium), the lanthanides, and the actinides are arranged according to the periods. This synoptic representation is intended to provide a transparent overview of the trends in the data. Part 3 Classes of Materials Part 3 Classes of Materials starts with the selective treatment of metals that are applied as base and alloying elements of metallic materials. According to common usage, the treatment of metallic materials is based on single elements and of groups of metals with common dominating features. The next class of materials discussed are ceramics. Detailed groupings and definitions of technical ceramics are given and traditional ceramics and cements, silicate ceramics, refractory ceramics, oxide ceramics, and non-oxide ceramics are treated. The physical and physicochemical properties of those polymers, copolymers, and polymer blends which are widely used for scientific applications and in industry are described in the next chapter. The last chapter serves as a source of data and commercial product information on glasses as engineering materials of practical importance. 3.1 Metals.- Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys.- Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys.- Titanium and Titanium Alloys.- Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys.- Iron and Steels.- Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys.- Nickel and Nickel Superalloys.- Copper and Copper Alloys.- Refractory Metals.- Noble Metals.- Lead and Lead Alloys 3.2 Ceramics 3.3 Polymers 3.4 Glasses Part 4 Functional Materials Part 4 covering functional materials is organized in a two-step approach. The first step corresponds to searching for the substance of interest, that is, the relevant group of substances. The second step corresponds to the physical property of interest. The subsections are characterized by the groups of the Periodic Table to which the constituent elements belong. For each group of substances, the physical properties are organized into four classes. These are: A Crystal Structure, Mechanical and Thermal Properties B Electronic Properties C Transport Properties D Electromagnetic and Optical Properties. These property classes are further subdivided into individual properties. Materials covered are semiconductors, superconductors, magnetic materials, dielectrics and electrooptics, and ferro- and antiferroelectrics. 4.1 Semiconductors 4.2 Superconductors 4.3 Magnetic Materials 4.4 Dielectrics and Electrooptics 4.5 Ferroelectrics Part 5 Special Structures Part 5 covers special structures such as liquid crystals, solid surfaces and mesoscopic and nanostructured materials. The chapter on liquid crystals covers physical properties of the most common liquid crystalline substances as well as some liquid crystalline mixtures. Data compiled in the chapter on solid surfaces refer to atomically clean and well characterized surfaces. The values reported are mainly averages from different authors with errors given as standard deviations where reference to the original papers is made. In the chapter on nanostructured materials emphasis is placed on size and confinement effects. The properties associated with electronic confinement are addressed and both quantum wells and quantum dots are reviewed. Particular attention is drawn to semiconductor-doped matrices. The two main applications of nanostructured magnetic materials, spintronics and ultrahigh-density data storage media, are also treated. 5.1 Liquid Crystals 5.2 Surfaces 5.3 Mesoscopic and Nanostructured Materials About the Authors Subject Index

/pdf/springer-handbook-of-condensed-matter-and-materials-data-sn0mq9i51a.pdf

Springer handbook of condensed matter and materials data

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) based piezoelectric materials are well known for their excellent piezoelectric properties. However, considering the toxicity of lead and its compounds, there is a general awareness for the development of environmental friendly lead-free materials as evidenced from the legislation passed by the European Union in this effect. Several classes of materials are now being considered as potentially attractive alternatives to PZTs for specific applications. In this paper, attempts have been made to review the recent developments on lead-free piezo materials emphasizing on their preparation, structure–property correlation, etc. In this context, perovskite systems such as bismuth sodium titanate, alkali niobates (ANbO3), etc. and non-perovskites such as bismuth layer-structured ferroelectrics are reviewed in detail. From the above study, it is concluded that some lead-free compositions show stable piezoelectric responses even though they do not match the overall performance of PZT. This has been the stimulant for growing research on this subject. This topic is of current interest to the researchers worldwide as evidenced from the large number of research publications. This has motivated us to come out with a review article with a view that it would give further impetus to the researchers already working in this area and also draw the attention of the others.

/pdf/review-environmental-friendly-lead-free-piezoelectric-1rosofvdqd.pdf

Review: environmental friendly lead-free piezoelectric materials

For ultrasonic transducers, piezoelectric ceramics offer a range of dielectric constants (K/spl sim/1000-5000), large piezoelectric coefficients (d/sub ij//spl sim/200-700 pC/N), and high electromechanical coupling (k/sub t//spl sime/50%, k/sub 33//spl sime/75%). For several decades, the material of choice has been polycrystalline ceramics based on the solid solution Pb(Zr/sub 1-x/B/sub 2x/)O/sub 3/ (PZT), compositionally engineered near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). The search for alternative MPB systems has led researchers to revisit relaxor-based materials with the general formula, Pb(B/sub 1/,B/sub 2/)O/sub 3/ (B/sub 1/:Zn/sup 2+/, Mg/sup 2+/, Sc/sup 3+/, Ni/sup 2+/..., B/sub 2/:Nb/sup 5+/ Ta/sup 5+/...). There are some claims of superior dielectric and piezoelectric performance compared to that of PZT materials. However, when the properties are examined relative to transition temperature (T/sub 3/), these differences are not significant. In the single crystal form, however, Relaxor-PT materials, represented by Pb(Zn/sub 1/3/Nb/sub 2/3/)O/sub 3/-PbTiO/sub 3/ (PZN-PT), Pb(Mg/sub 1/3/Nb/sub 2/3/)O/sub 3/-PbTiO/sub 3/ (PMN-PT) have been found to exhibit longitudinal coupling coefficients (k/sub 33/)>90%, thickness coupling (k/sub t/)>83%, dielectric constants ranging from 1000 to 5000 with low dielectric loss 2000 pC/N, the later promising for high energy density actuators. For single crystal piezoelectrics to become the next generation material of ultrasonic transducers, further investigation in crystal growth, device fabrication and testing are required.

Characteristics of relaxor-based piezoelectric single crystals for ultrasonic transducers

Overview elementary solid state science fabrication of ceramics ceramic conductors: fabrication and applications dielectrics and insulators piezoelectric ceramics pyroelectric materials electro-optic ceramics magnetic ceramics.

J. M. Herbert

Papers

Electroceramics: Materials, Properties, Applications

Ceramic Dielectrics and Capacitors

Ferroelectric transducers and sensors

Dielectrics and Insulators

Elementary Solid State Science