0. Preface 1. Detector systems overview 2. Signal formation and acquisition 3. Electronic noise 4. Signal processing 5. Elements of digital electronics and signal processing 6. Transistors and amplifiers 7. Radiation effects 8. Detector systems 9. Why things don't work A. Semiconductor device technology B. Phasors and complex algebra in electrical circuits C. Equivalent circuits D. Feedback amplifiers E. The diode equation F. Electrical effects of impurities and defects G. Bipolar transistor equations

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Semiconductor Detector Systems

Data from sensors in an eddy covariance system are routinely processed to remove trends and to produce fluctuations and means. Historically this has been seen to be a relatively straightforward task and the methods are well known. Such re-processing can result in the loss of real signal since the detrending and averaging methods act as high-pass filters. We review the main methods used to separate the active, turbulent transport that we treat as eddy flux from the slower, deterministic atmospheric motions and instrument drift. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various algorithms used in averaging, detrending and filtering and conclude that the best method is likely to be dependent on site conditions and data processing system in use. We recommend the use of the ogive to determine the optimal averaging period at any site. We illustrate outstanding issues with data from a number of FLUXNET sites.

Averaging, Detrending, and Filtering of Eddy Covariance Time Series

Digital filter design for electrophysiological data--a practical approach.

Studies on fractional order differentiators and integrators: A survey

Trunk and head movements were characterized over a wide range of walking speeds to determine the relationship between stride length, stepping frequency, vertical head translation, pitch rotation of the head, and pitch trunk rotation as a function of gait velocity. Subjects (26-44 years old) walked on a linear treadmill at velocities of 0.6-2.2 m/s. The head and trunk were modeled as rigid bodies, and rotation and translation were determined using a video-based motion analysis system. At walking speeds up to 1.2 m/s there was little head pitch movement in space, and the head pitch relative to the trunk was compensatory for trunk pitch. As walking velocity increased, trunk pitch remained approximately invariant, but a significant head translation developed. This head translation induced compensatory head pitch in space, which tended to point the head at a fixed point in front of the subject that remained approximately invariant with regard to walking speed. The predominant frequency of head translation and rotation was restricted to a narrow range from 1.4 Hz at 0.6 m/s to 2.5 Hz at 2.2 m/s. Within the range of 0.8-1.8 m/s, subjects tended to increase their stride length rather than step frequency to walk faster, maintaining the predominant frequency of head movement at close to 2.0 Hz. At walking speeds above 1.2 m/s, head pitch in space was highly coherent with, and compensatory for, vertical head translation. In the range 1.2-1.8 m/s, the power spectrum of vertical head translation was the most highly tuned, and the relationship between walking speed and head and trunk movements was the most linear. We define this as an optimal range of walking velocity with regard to head-trunk coordination. The coordination of head and trunk movement was less coherent at walking velocities below 1.2 m/s and above 1.8 m/s. These results suggest that two mechanisms are utilized to maintain a stable head fixation distance over the optimal range of walking velocities. The relative contribution of each mechanism to head orientation depends on the frequency of head movement and consequently on walking velocity. From consideration of the frequency characteristics of the compensatory head pitch, we infer that compensatory head pitch movements may be produced predominantly by the angular vestibulocollic reflex (aVCR) at low walking speeds and by the linear vestibulocollic reflex (1VCR) at the higher speeds.

Effects of walking velocity on vertical head and body movements during locomotion

From the Publisher:
Now in its second edition, Digital Signal Processing offers modern coverage of the fundamentals, implementation and applications of digital signal processing techniques from a practical point of view. The past ten years have seen a significant growth in DSP applications throughout all areas of technologyand this growth is expected well into the next millennium. This book covers a number of DSP techniques that are of particular relevance to industry such as adaptive filtering and multirate processing. The emphasis throughout the book is on the practical aspects of DSP. Chapter topics include analogue I/O interface for real-time DSP systems, discrete transform, the z-transform and its applications in signal processing, correlation and convolution, a framework for digital filter design, finite impulse response (FIR) filter design, design of infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filters, multirate digital signal processing, adaptive digital filters, spectrum estimation and analysis, general and special purpose hardware for DSP, and finite word length effects in fixed point DSP systems and solutions. A reference of DSP techniques for industry professionals.

J. O. O'Reilly

Papers

Digital Signal Processing: A Practical Approach