Carbazole-containing polymers: synthesis, properties and applications

Explosive growth in the use of open shell reactivity, including neutral radicals and radical ions, in the field of synthetic organic chemistry has been observed in the past decade, particularly since the advent of ruthenium complexes in 2008. These complexes generally induce single-electron transfer (SET) processes via visible-light absorption. Additionally, recent significant advancements in organic electrochemistry involving SET processes to provide open shell reactivity offer a complementary method to traditional polarity-driven reactions described by two-electron transfer processes. In this Review, we highlight the importance of intramolecular SET processes in the field of synthetic organic chemistry, which seem to be more elusive than the intermolecular versions, since they are net redox-neutral and thus cannot simply be regarded as oxidations or reductions. Such intramolecular SET processes can rationally be understood in combination with concomitant bond formations and/or cleavages, and are regulat...

Redox-Tag Processes: Intramolecular Electron Transfer and Its Broad Relationship to Redox Reactions in General

Following a short introduction and a brief discussion of thermodynamics of propagation, the kinetics and mechanisms of anionic polymerization are reviewed. The systems involving living polymers, a term introduced by this writer, are discussed in greater detail because the existence of various ionic species participating in polymerization was clearly revealed by their studies. Indeed, a large part of this review is concerned with the methods used in identification of these species and determination of their role in various polymerizing systems. The results of such studies are compared with those derived from investigations of radical-anions, carbanions and other ionic species.

Living Polymers and Mechanisms of Anionic Polymerization

Absolute reactivity in the cationic polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole

Recently, the chemistry of vinyl heterocyclic compounds and their polymers has received much attention, and numerous works have been devoted to the field which covers the preparation and polymerization of these new vinyl compounds [1–7]. Many vinyl monomers, having a variety of frequently available heterocycles, have been synthesized by different methods and their polymers as well as copolymers with usual vinyl monomers have been employed as new materials for fundamental and industrial uses in the field of physical, organic, pharmaceutical, and macromolecular chemistry. However, the basic problems concerning the polymerization of these monomers as well as the properties of the polymers obtained appear not to have been systematically and thoroughly explored.

J. Pác

Papers

The polymerization of N-vinylcarbazole by electron acceptors: Part I. Kinetics, equilibria and structure of oligomers