The increasing developments in wind turbine technology, coupled with an unpredictable operating environment, present significant challenges regarding erosion issues on the leading edge of the blade tips. This review examines the potential degradation posed by the different environmental variables, with specific emphasis on both rain droplet and hailstone impact on the blade leading edge. Drawing on both the insights from experimental results and recent field data from the literature, the mechanisms of leading edge erosion are discussed. Meteorological tools that may enable rain and hailstone erosion prediction are addressed, as well as potential experimental and numerical approaches that may provide insight into the nature of impact and erosion on the blade surface.

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On erosion issues associated with the leading edge of wind turbine blades

Impact resistance and damage tolerance of fiber reinforced composites: A review

Parameters influencing the impact response of fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite materials: a critical review

A comprehensive account of the physical foundations of collision and impact phenomena and their applications in a multitude of engineering disciplines. In-depth explanations are included to reveal the unifying features of collision phenomena in both liquids and solids, and to apply them to disciplines including theoretical and applied mechanics, physics and applied mathematics, materials science, aerospace, mechanical and chemical engineering, and terminal ballistics. Covering a range of examples from drops, jets, and sprays, to seaplanes and ballistic projectiles, and detailing a variety of theoretical, numerical, and experimental tools that can be used in developing new models and approaches, this is an ideal resource for students, researchers, and practicing engineers alike.

Collision phenomena in liquids and solids

Impact resistance and damage tolerance are of great significance in the design of composite structures. This study investigated the damage and failure mechanism of thin composite laminates under low-velocity impact and compression-after-impact (CAI) loading conditions. Four levels of impact energy were included in the test matrix. Delamination induced by low-velocity impact was captured using ultrasonic C-scan, and a three-dimensional (3D) digital image correlation (DIC) system was employed to measure full-field displacement during the CAI tests. Infrared thermography was also used to online monitor the thermal field variation of the test specimen during the impact and CAI process. The cross sections of typical tested specimens were inspected using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A 3D damage model that considers both interlaminar and intralaminar damage was proposed to study the complex damage and failure mechanism. Excellent correlation was obtained between the experimental results and the numerical results. The experimental results obtained from various tests and the results from the numerical simulation were combined to provide a new and deep insight of damage evolution and failure mechanisms under low-velocity impact and CAI loading conditions.

Damage and failure mechanism of thin composite laminates under low-velocity impact and compression-after-impact loading conditions

Numerical modeling of ice behavior under high velocity impacts

Experimental study of the impactor mass effect on the low velocity impact of carbon/epoxy woven laminates

Numerical analysis of high velocity impacts on unidirectional laminates

Analysis of high velocity impacts of steel cylinders on thin carbon/epoxy woven laminates

In this work, the effect of high velocity impacts on carbon/epoxy tape quasi-isotropic laminates is studied. Experimental test were carried out at two different impact angles and in a wide range of velocities (from 80 to 490 m/s). Both parameters, the residual velocity and the damaged area, are used to evaluate the effect of the kinetic energy of the projectile on the laminate response. In addition it has been proposed a simplified analytical model which allows to identify the different energy absorbtion mechanisms and predict the residual velocity of the projectile. Finally the energy absorbed by the laminate during the impact is studied.

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J. Pernas-Sánchez

Papers

Numerical modeling of ice behavior under high velocity impacts

Experimental study of the impactor mass effect on the low velocity impact of carbon/epoxy woven laminates

Numerical analysis of high velocity impacts on unidirectional laminates

Analysis of high velocity impacts of steel cylinders on thin carbon/epoxy woven laminates

Experimental analysis of normal and oblique high velocity impacts on carbon/epoxy tape laminates