Plastics are persistent synthetic polymers that accumulate as waste in the marine environment. Microplastic (MP) particles are derived from the breakdown of larger debris or can enter the environment as microscopic fragments. Because filter-feeder organisms ingest MP while feeding, they are likely to be impacted by MP pollution. To assess the impact of polystyrene microspheres (micro-PS) on the physiology of the Pacific oyster, adult oysters were experimentally exposed to virgin micro-PS (2 and 6 µm in diameter; 0.023 mg·L−1) for 2 mo during a reproductive cycle. Effects were investigated on ecophysiological parameters; cellular, transcriptomic, and proteomic responses; fecundity; and offspring development. Oysters preferentially ingested the 6-µm micro-PS over the 2-µm-diameter particles. Consumption of microalgae and absorption efficiency were significantly higher in exposed oysters, suggesting compensatory and physical effects on both digestive parameters. After 2 mo, exposed oysters had significant decreases in oocyte number (−38%), diameter (−5%), and sperm velocity (−23%). The D-larval yield and larval development of offspring derived from exposed parents decreased by 41% and 18%, respectively, compared with control offspring. Dynamic energy budget modeling, supported by transcriptomic profiles, suggested a significant shift of energy allocation from reproduction to structural growth, and elevated maintenance costs in exposed oysters, which is thought to be caused by interference with energy uptake. Molecular signatures of endocrine disruption were also revealed, but no endocrine disruptors were found in the biological samples. This study provides evidence that micro-PS cause feeding modifications and reproductive disruption in oysters, with significant impacts on offspring.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/113/9/2430.full.pdf

Oyster reproduction is affected by exposure to polystyrene microplastics

Exposure of marine mussels Mytilus spp. to polystyrene microplastics: Toxicity and influence on fluoranthene bioaccumulation.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02373658/document

Microplastic contamination and pollutant levels in mussels and cockles collected along the channel coasts

Background Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widely found in nature and accumulated, enriched, or produced in food through multiple paths, posing a great risk to human health. With more and more studies established on PAHs, it is essential to sort out the publications, analyze hotspots and indicate emerging trends as well. Scope and approach We investigated 1110 studies originating from the Web of Science Core Collection in the field of “Food Science Technology” from the year 1997–2017. These studies were analyzed using HistCite and CiteSpace. This review included the trends and comparisons of literature outputs, "star" papers and hotspots, describing the emerging trend of research on PAHs in food. Key findings and conclusions The results indicated that the number of studies on PAHs in foods has been growing at an average annual rate of 13% from the initial 11 articles to 127 articles. The high yield of PAH-related research in Europe may be attributed to concerns related to olive oil and smoked meats. Besides, hotspots also included the formation of PAHs in food processing, the concentration of PAHs in edible oils and smoked products, and the GC-MS method for detecting PAHs. Based on articles we have analyzed, it is worth mentioning that determination of PAHs and derivatives still needs improvement. Moreover, with collective efforts from all researchers, we hope that more progress will be made in the limit standards and toxicological evaluation for PAH derivatives, as well as methods for the green removal of PAHs in food.

Trends of research on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food: A 20-year perspective from 1997 to 2017

Magnetic metal-organic frameworks coated stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with GC–MS for determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in fish samples

Development of an innovative and "green" stir bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine biota.

J. Receveur

Papers

Development of an innovative and "green" stir bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine biota.