Power Aware Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

We have witnessed the Fixed Internet emerging with virtually every computer being connected today; we are currently witnessing the emergence of the Mobile Internet with the exponential explosion of smart phones, tablets and net-books. However, both will be dwarfed by the anticipated emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), in which everyday objects are able to connect to the Internet, tweet or be queried. Whilst the impact onto economies and societies around the world is undisputed, the technologies facilitating such a ubiquitous connectivity have struggled so far and only recently commenced to take shape. To this end, this paper introduces in a timely manner and for the first time the wireless communications stack the industry believes to meet the important criteria of power-efficiency, reliability and Internet connectivity. Industrial applications have been the early adopters of this stack, which has become the de-facto standard, thereby bootstrapping early IoT developments with already thousands of wireless nodes deployed. Corroborated throughout this paper and by emerging industry alliances, we believe that a standardized approach, using latest developments in the IEEE 802.15.4 and IETF working groups, is the only way forward. We introduce and relate key embodiments of the power-efficient IEEE 802.15.4-2006 PHY layer, the power-saving and reliable IEEE 802.15.4e MAC layer, the IETF 6LoWPAN adaptation layer enabling universal Internet connectivity, the IETF ROLL routing protocol enabling availability, and finally the IETF CoAP enabling seamless transport and support of Internet applications. The protocol stack proposed in the present work converges towards the standardized notations of the ISO/OSI and TCP/IP stacks. What thus seemed impossible some years back, i.e., building a clearly defined, standards-compliant and Internet-compliant stack given the extreme restrictions of IoT networks, is commencing to become reality.

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Standardized Protocol Stack for the Internet of (Important) Things

Traditional power grids are currently being transformed into smart grids (SGs). SGs feature multi-way communication among energy generation, transmission, distribution, and usage facilities. The reliable, efficient, and intelligent management of complex power systems requires integration of high-speed, reliable, and secure data information and communication technology into the SGs to monitor and regulate power generation and usage. Despite several challenges, such as trade-offs between wireless coverage and capacity as well as limited spectral resources in SGs, wireless communication is a promising SG communications technology. Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) in particular are highly promising for providing timely SG wireless communications by utilizing all available spectrum resources. We provide in this paper a comprehensive survey on the CRN communication paradigm in SGs, including the system architecture, communication network compositions, applications, and CR-based communication technologies. We highlight potential applications of CR-based SG systems. We survey CR-based spectrum sensing approaches with their major classifications. We also provide a survey on CR-based routing and MAC protocols, and describe interference mitigation schemes. We furthermore present open issues and research challenges faced by CR-based SG networks along with future directions.

Cognitive Radio for Smart Grids: Survey of Architectures, Spectrum Sensing Mechanisms, and Networking Protocols

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are applicable in numerous domains, including industrial automation where WSNs may be used for monitoring and control of industrial plants and equipment. However, the requirements in the industrial systems differ from the general WSN requirements. In recent years, standards have been defined by several industrial alliances. These standards are specified as frameworks with modifiable parts that can be defined based on the particular application of WSN. However, limited work has been done on defining industry-specific protocols that could be used as a part of these standards. In this survey, we discuss representative protocols that meet some of the requirements of the industrial applications. Since the industrial applications domain in itself is a vast area, we divide them into classes with similar requirements. We discuss these industrial classes, set of common requirements and various state-of-the-art WSN standards proposed to satisfy these requirements. We then present a broader view towards the WSN solution by discussing important functions like medium access control, routing, and transport in detail to give some insight into specific requirements and the classification of protocols based on certain factors. We list and discuss representative protocols for each of these functions that address requirements defined in the industrial classes. Security function is discussed in brief, mainly in relation to industrial standards. Finally, we identify unsolved challenges that are encountered during design of protocols and standards. In addition some new challenges are introduced and discussed.

An Industrial Perspective on Wireless Sensor Networks — A Survey of Requirements, Protocols, and Challenges

Internet of Things (IoT) has recently received a great attention due to its potential and capacity to be integrated into any complex system. As a result of rapid development of sensing technologies such as radio-frequency identification, sensors and the convergence of information technologies such as wireless communication and Internet, IoT is emerging as an important technology for monitoring systems. This paper reviews and introduces a framework for structural health monitoring (SHM) using IoT technologies on intelligent and reliable monitoring. Specifically, technologies involved in IoT and SHM system implementation as well as data routing strategy in IoT environment are presented. As the amount of data generated by sensing devices are voluminous and faster than ever, big data solutions are introduced to deal with the complex and large amount of data collected from sensors installed on structures.

Structural Health Monitoring Framework Based on Internet of Things: A Survey

In this paper, a performance evaluation of the Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is presented. Detailed simulations are carried out to produce several routing performance metrics using a set of real-life scenarios. A real outdoor network was reproduced in simulation with the help of topology and link quality data. Behaviors of such a network in presence of RPL, their reason and potential areas of further study/improvement are pointed out.

A performance evaluation study of RPL: Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks

This document presents a performance evaluation of the Routing
Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) for a small outdoor
deployment of sensor nodes and for a large-scale smart meter network.
Detailed simulations are carried out to produce several routing
performance metrics using these real-life deployment scenarios. Please
refer to the PDF version of this document, which includes several
plots for the performance metrics not shown in the plain-text version.
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.

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Performance Evaluation of the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL)

In this paper, a performance evaluation of the Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (RPL) in a typical outdoor Smart Grid Substation Network is presented. Detailed simulations are carried out to produce several routing performance metrics using real-life scenarios. The real outdoor network was reproduced in simulation with the help of topology and link quality data gathered from the network over the time. Behaviors of such a network in presence of RPL and local repair mechanism, and potential areas of further study/improvement are pointed out. This study shows, RPL has the desired advantages of bounding control overhead and low delay. It also provides quick repair of local outage of link to root node and path quality fairly close to an optimized shortest path for an outdoor deployment.

Applicability Study of RPL with Local Repair in Smart Grid Substation Networks

In this paper, the classical debate on suitability of proactive versus reactive routing approaches is revisited, however in the context of their application in Low-Power Lossy Networks (LLNs) as opposed to pure Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). We argue that LLNs differ from traditional ad hoc networks not only due to node capacity, but also in the nature of traffic generation and routing requirements. This study aims at a fair comparison between two protocols proposed at the IETF, namely RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks) - the proactive candidate, and LOADng (LLN On-demand Ad-hoc Distance vector routing protocol - next generation) - the reactive candidate, making use of real traffic scenarios and topology deployments of varied size, as well as random topologies in the particular case of metrics relating to scalability. Several metrics of interest are investigated, including metrics that have not been paid much attention in the existing MANET literature. In the course of this investigation, we also uncovered non-optimal protocol behavior for the case of large networks and proposed new mechanisms that are shown to improve control plane congestion, as a result improving network lifetime for large scale LLNs. We also derive bounds on control overhead for the two protocols, which indicate that RPL incurs an overhead that is lower than O(N^2) and reduces to @Q(Nlog(N)) for a balanced tree structure, whereas LOADng has a total control overhead of @Q(N^2), irrespective of topology.

Proactive versus reactive routing in low power and lossy networks: Performance analysis and scalability improvements

This document presents a performance evaluation of RPL in a single DAG
scenario, and comparison of the same with shortest path routing in a
LLN. Metrics to capture the significant performance aspects are
identified and detailed simulations are carried out on a set of real-
life scenarios.

J. Tripathi

Papers

A performance evaluation study of RPL: Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks

Performance Evaluation of the Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL)

Applicability Study of RPL with Local Repair in Smart Grid Substation Networks

Proactive versus reactive routing in low power and lossy networks: Performance analysis and scalability improvements

Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL)