Acknowledgments ix INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE: Multiculturalism without Culture 11 CHAPTER TWO: Between Culture and Cosmos 42 CHAPTER THREE: What's Wrong with Cultural Defence? 73 CHAPTER FOUR: Autonomy, Coercion, and Constraint 100 CHAPTER FIVE: Exit and Voice 133 CHAPTER SIX: Multiculturalism without Groups? 158 Bibliography 181 Index 191

Multiculturalism Without Culture

Determinants of mutual fund underperformance: A Bayesian stochastic frontier approach

Cette these interroge l'apparente contradiction scalaire entre la proclamation de lois spatialement uniforme a l'echelle nationale et la territorialisation des populations francaises. Elle essaye de comprendre comment le systeme judiciaire hexagonal reussit a concilier ses exigences constitutionnelles d'indivisibilite et d'egalite avec la pluralite des territoires. L'analyse, enchevetrant une demarche qualitative et une demarche quantitative par l'exploitation des donnees des juridictions et du casier judiciaire national, permet de conclure que les institutions judiciaires sont productrices d'injustices. Plus ou moins asphyxies par les flux de delits a reprimer, les tribunaux de grande instance ne condamnent pas uniformement a l'echelle nationale, d'autant plus qu'ils doivent suivre les priorites definies dans la politique penale du procureur de la Republique. Possedant une propension diverse a devenir de veritables acteurs politiques de leur territoire, les chefs du parquet jouent ainsi un role essentiel de passeur scalaire mais accentuent l'iniquite du systeme penal. En effet, l'egalite proclamee comme un des fondements de la Republique francaise est abandonnee au profit d'une stigmatisation des territoires les plus defavorises qui sont plus severement condamnes que ne laisserait attendre la geographie des delits alors meme qu'ils sont oublies dans les politiques de prevention de la delinquance. Rompant des lors completement avec le principe de l'equite, les institutions judiciaires accentuent les fractures socio-spatiales du territoire francais. Ces processus de fragmentation revelent d'une part la pertinence de l'analyse de la justice penale par la geographie et d'autre part l'impossibilite de ne penser une amelioration du systeme judiciaire qu'en vase-clos.

Géographie de la justice pénale en France : L'équité à l'épreuve des territoires

Invoquer la defense culturelle est devenue une strategie judiciaire populaire bien que controversee. Expliquant dans un premier temps que la portee de la defense culturelle est plus vaste que generalement comprise et qu'elle sert aussi bien a attenuer des sentences, a creer des exceptions a des politiques etablies qu'a augmenter les montants de dommage et interets accordes, j'identifie ensuite les principes normatifs qui justifient ce type de defense. Meme si elle peut etre appuyee fonde sur des principes, si la defense culturelle a une chance d'etre adoptee 
formellement, des politiques doivent etre etablies pour prevenir des abus. Je propose des criteres d'application de la defense culturelle qui sont illustres par quelques cas. La presentation d'exemples ou la defense culturelle est appropriee est suivie d'une demonstration des abus potentiels, a partir de cas particuliers dans lesquels les arguments culturels avances ne remplissaient pas les criteres du test propose. L'article se termine sur des recommandations pour assister les tribunaux a trouver les experts qui peuvent authentifier les requetes culturelles. 
Invoking a cultural defense has become a popular but controversial legal strategy. After explaining that the scope of the cultural defense is broader than is often understood and that it is used to mitigate punishment, create exemptions from policies, and increase the size of damage awards, I identify the normative principles that justify such a defense. Although it may be defended as a matter of principle, if this defense has any chance of being formally adopted, policies must be established to prevent its misuse. I propose a cultural defense test and show how it could be applied appropriately in a few cases. Following the analysis of its proper use, I demonstrate the potential for abuse by showing how in particular cases cultural arguments failed to meet the requirements of the cultural defense test I propose. Finally I recommend ways to assist courts in finding cultural experts who can authenticate the cultural claims.

/pdf/the-use-and-abuse-of-the-cultural-defense-5aacbupvxu.pdf

The Use and Abuse of the Cultural Defense

This thesis is the conclusion of doctoral research that pursued to examine whether indigenous peoples’ demands for access to their cultural practices can be accommodated within criminal law. In a globalised context in which states become increasingly multicultural this question raises fear of social fragmentation and the anxiety for achieving unity. Certainly, Rwanda and Kosovo evidence that claims to access culturally diverse practices may lead to war or even genocide. The context of the thesis is a more benign form of response to these claims: accommodation. While accommodation in general has received great attention from scholars (Kymlicka 1989, Gutmann et al 1994, Tully 1995), within criminal law the only focus has been cultural defences (Renteln 2004, Kymlicka et al 2014). However, little research has been conducted to understand the broader implications of this phenomenon for both the accommodated and the accommodating. The research aims to shed light on these broader implications of accommodation by exploring it within criminal law. Certainly, the simplicity and individualised nature of cultural defence conceals what is at stake for both the accommodated and the accommodating. Specifically, it conceals how criminal law cannot be responsive to the claims of minorities because it seeks to maintain the practices of the constitutional order of which criminal law is part. The result is that the claims of indigenous peoples cannot be accommodated. In order to uncover these implications, the research employs social holism (Pettit 1998) to develop a broader understanding of criminal law as a socio-cultural practice, which enables an adequate description and assessment of the diversity of claims to recognition that minorities make to the state of which they are part. In broadening the view the claims of minorities become linked to their position within the constitutional order (Tully 1995), and then the question arises as to whether minorities have been unjustly excluded or included (Lindahl 2013) in that order, which may lead to recognise a new plurality of responses that the state and its criminal law should provide to them. By broadening the understanding of criminal law it is enabled an adequate framework for the assessment of the phenomenon of accommodation. Certainly, this is necessary for claims to access diverse cultural and social practices to be met with justice, for the state’s responses need to be sensitive to the diversity of claims put forward by minorities, without overlooking that the state as well need to access its particular social and cultural practices.

Indigenous peoples and immigrants: the multicultural challenge of criminal law

Cultural Defence and Culturally Motivated Crimes (Cultural Offences)

On the prior density functions proposed by Jeffreys and Haldane in a Bayesian framework

A new method is given for evaluation, in a Bayesian framework, of parameters, from which is known as prior-information that they are uniformly distributed in an interval. The method is appropriated to eliminate autocorrelated errors, and multicollinearity in the data. The case of two bounded parameters is especially considered in estimating the Cobb-Douglas production functions. Results are commented in a non trivial example, and compared with the simular least square solution, which is not appropriated as estimation method in case of severe multicollinearity. The paper is presented in a short matrix-notation, avoiding long algebraic calculations, which can be delivred by the authors.

J Van den Broeck

Papers

Cultural Defence and Culturally Motivated Crimes (Cultural Offences)

On the prior density functions proposed by Jeffreys and Haldane in a Bayesian framework

Numerical evaluation of bounded bayesian parameters in case of autocorrelated errors and multicollinearity in data