Introduction. Water Quality. Designing a Monitoring Programme. Resources for a Monitoring Programme. Field Work and Sampling. Field Testing Methods. Physical and Chemical Analyses. Advanced Instrumental Analysis. Analytical Quality Assurance. Microbiological Analyses. Biological Monitoring. Hydrological Measurements. Sediment Measurements. Use and Reporting Of Monitoring Data. Index.

Water Quality Monitoring : A Practical Guide to the Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality Studies and Monitoring Programmes

http://directory.umm.ac.id/Data%20Elmu/jurnal/A/Agricultural%20Systems/Vol65.Issue2.Aug2000/634.pdf

An assessment of the total external costs of UK agriculture

Summary
1Global-scale environmental degradation and its links with non-renewable fossil fuels have led to an increasing interest in generating electricity from renewable energy resources. Much of this interest centres on offshore renewable energy developments (ORED). The large scale of proposed ORED will add to the existing human pressures on coastal ecosystems, therefore any ecological costs and benefits must be determined.
2The current pressures on coastal ecology set the context within which the potential impacts (both positive and negative) of offshore renewable energy generation are discussed.
3The number of published peer-review articles relating to renewable energy has increased dramatically since 1991. Significantly, only a small proportion of these articles relate to environmental impacts and none considers coastal ecology.
4Actual or potential environmental impact can occur during construction, operation and/or decommissioning of ORED.
5Construction and decommissioning are likely to cause significant physical disturbance to the local environment. There are both short- and long-term implications for the local biological communities. The significance of any effects is likely to depend on the natural disturbance regime and the stability and resilience of the communities.
6During day-to-day operation, underwater noise, emission of electromagnetic fields and collision or avoidance with the energy structures represent further potential impacts on coastal species, particularly large predators. The wider ecological implications of any direct and indirect effects are discussed.
7Synthesis and applications. This review demonstrates that offshore renewable energy developments will have direct and, potentially, indirect consequences for coastal ecology, with these effects occurring at different scales. Ecologists should be involved throughout all the phases of an ORED to ensure that appropriate assessments of the interaction of single and multiple developments with the coastal environment are undertaken.

/pdf/offshore-renewable-energy-ecological-implications-of-10m9p1d5k1.pdf

Offshore renewable energy - ecological implications of generating electricity in the coastal zone.

We built empirical models to estimate the effects of land cover on stream ecosystems in the mid-Atlantic region (USA) and to evaluate the spatial scales over which such models are most effective. Predictive variables included land cover in the watershed, in the streamside corridor, and near the study site, and the number and location of dams and point sources in the watershed. Response variables were annual nitrate flux; species richness of fish, benthic macroinvertebrates, and aquatic plants; and cover of aquatic plants and riparian vegetation. All data were taken from publicly available databases, mostly over the Internet. Land cover was significantly correlated with all ecological response variables. Modeled R
 2 ranged from 0.07 to 0.5, but large data sets often allowed us to estimate with acceptable precision the regression coefficients that express the change in ecological conditions associated with a unit change in land cover. Dam- and point-source variables were ineffective at predicting ecological conditions in streams and rivers, probably because of inadequacies in the data sets. The spatial perspective (whole watershed, streamside corridor, or local) most effective at predicting ecological response variables varied across response variables, apparently in concord with the mechanisms that control each of these variables. We found some evidence that predictive power fell in very small watersheds (less than 1–10 km2), suggesting that the spatial arrangement of landscape patches may become critical at these small scales. Empirical models can replace, constrain, or be combined with more mechanistic models to understand the effects of land-cover change on stream ecosystems.

/pdf/effects-of-land-cover-on-stream-ecosystems-roles-of-33ocn8puat.pdf

Effects of Land Cover on Stream Ecosystems: Roles of Empirical Models and Scaling Issues

How important are rare species in aquatic community ecology and bioassessment? A comment on the conclusions of Cao et al. Authors' reply

The pollution of rivers and lakes is of concern because of the threat to public water supplied and because of the damage caused to natural ecosystems. Waterborne diseases remain rife in the Third World, while in developed countries there has been a decline in the quality of water. It has also become apparent that pollutants may destroy ecosystems hundreds of miles from their source. Some of these toxic materials such as lead and PCBs also pose threats to public health. This text describes the sources of various types of pollutants, their effects on aquatic organisms, ecosystems and man, using case histories where appropriate. Ways of mitigating the effects of pollutants by control and ecosystem manipulation are described. Techniques for assessing the effects of pollution, both in field and laboratory, are introduced. The role of the biologist in pollution assessment and control and in the wider sphere of mangement of acquatic resources is also examined.

J. W. Hawkes

Papers

Biology of Freshwater Pollution.