Purpose:The Compendium of Physical Activities was developed to enhance the comparability of results across studies using self-report physical activity (PA) and is used to quantify the energy cost of a wide variety of PA. We provide the second update of the Compendium, called the 2011 Compend

https://www.diba.cat/documents/41289/44784124/2011_Compendium_of_Physical_Activities__A_Second.25.pdf/ee330ed1-04a1-410c-9d55-46496801e6ae

2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: a second update of codes and MET values.

Ten per cent of the world’s school-aged children are estimated to be carrying excess body fat (Fig. 1), with an increased risk for developing chronic disease. Of these overweight children, a quarter are obese, with a significant likelihood of some having multiple risk factors for type 2 diabetes, heart disease and a variety of other co-morbidities before or during early adulthood. The prevalence of overweight is dramatically higher in economically developed regions, but is rising significantly in most parts of the world. In many countries the problem of childhood obesity is worsening at a dramatic rate. Surveys during the 1990s show that in Brazil and the USA, an additional 0.5% of the entire child population became overweight each year. In Canada, Australia and parts of Europe the rates were higher, with an additional 1% of all children becoming overweight each year. The burden upon the health services cannot yet be estimated. Although childhood obesity brings a number of additional problems in its train – hyperinsulinaemia, poor glucose tolerance and a raised risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnoea, social exclusion and depression – the greatest health problems will be seen in the next generation of adults as the present childhood obesity epidemic passes through to adulthood. Greatly increased rates of heart disease, diabetes, certain cancers, gall bladder disease, osteoarthritis, endocrine disorders and other obesityrelated conditions will be found in young adult populations, and their need for medical treatment may last for their remaining life-times. The costs to the health services, the losses to society and the burdens carried by the individuals involved will be great. The present report has been written to focus attention on the issue and to urge policy-makers to consider taking action before it is too late. Specifically, the report:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2004.00133.x

Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health.

Objective: To briefly review the current understanding of the aetiology and prevention of chronic diseases using a life course approach, demonstrating the lifelong influences on the development of disease. Design: A computer search of the relevant literature was done using Medline-‘life cycle’ and ‘nutrition’ and reviewing the articles for relevance in addressing the above objective. Articles from references dated before 1990 were followed up separately. A subsequent search using Clio updated the search and extended it by using ‘life cycle’, ‘nutrition’ and ‘noncommunicable disease’ (NCD), and ‘life course’. Several published and unpublished WHO reports were key in developing the background and arguments. Setting: International and national public health and nutrition policy development in light of the global epidemic in chronic diseases, and the continuing nutrition, demographic and epidemiological transitions happening in an increasingly globalized world. Results of review: There is a global epidemic of increasing obesity, diabetes and other chronic NCDs, especially in developing and transitional economies, and in the less affluent within these, and in the developed countries. At the same time, there has been an increase in communities and households that have coincident under- and over-nutrition. Conclusions: The epidemic will continue to increase and is due to a lifetime of exposures and influences. Genetic predisposition plays an unspecified role, and with programming during fetal life for adult disease contributing to an unknown degree. A global rise in obesity levels is contributing to a particular epidemic of type 2 diabetes as well as other NCDs. Prevention will be the most cost-effective and feasible approach for many countries and should involve three mutually reinforcing strategies throughout life, starting in the antenatal period.

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A life course approach to diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases.

Obesity now affects one in five children in the United States. Discrimination against overweight children begins early in childhood and becomes progressively institutionalized. Because obese children tend to be taller than their nonoverweight peers, they are apt to be viewed as more mature. The inappropriate expectations that result may have an adverse effect on their socialization. Many of the cardiovascular consequences that characterize adult-onset obesity are preceded by abnormalities that begin in childhood. Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and abnormal glucose tolerance occur with increased frequency in obese children and adolescents. The relationship of cardiovascular risk factors to visceral fat independent of total body fat remains unclear. Sleep apnea, pseudotumor cerebri, and Blount's disease represent major sources of morbidity for which rapid and sustained weight reduction is essential. Although several periods of increased risk appear in childhood, it is not clear whether obesity with onset early in childhood carries a greater risk of adult morbidity and mortality. Obesity is now the most prevalent nutritional disease of children and adolescents in the United States. Although obesity-associated morbidities occur more frequently in adults, significant consequences of obesity as well as the antecedents of adult disease occur in obese children and adolescents. In this review, I consider the adverse effects of obesity in children and adolescents and attempt to outline areas for future research. I refer to obesity as a body mass index greater than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and gender.

Health Consequences of Obesity in Youth: Childhood Predictors of Adult Disease

The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies

VAN MECHELEN, W., J. W. R. TWISK, G. B. POST, J. SNEL, and H. C. G. KEMPER. Physical activity of young people: The Amsterdam longitudinal growth and health study. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.,Vol. 32, No. 9, pp. 1610 ‐1616, 2000. Purpose: To describe the natural development of habitual physical activity behavior (HPA) of young Dutch male and female subjects between the ages of 13 and 27, using data from the Amsterdam Longitudinal Growth and Health Study. Methods: HPA was measured by means of a structured interview at ages 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, and 27 and concerned all activities (at work, school, during leisure, organized and nonorganized sports, and active transportation) exceeding a level of intensity of 4 METs. Complete longitudinal data concern 98 female and 83 male subjects. MANOVA for repeated measurements were done for total HPA (expressed in minzwk 21 and in METszwk 21 ). Similar analyses were done for organized sports activities, leisure time activities, and all “other” activities separately (also min zwk 21 and METszwk 21 ), as well as for weekly time at three different levels of intensity of HPA, i.e. 4 ‐7 MET (moderate), 7‐10 MET (vigorous), and .10 MET (very vigorous). Results: Our data showed regarding total HPA (minzwk 21 ) in male, but not in female, subjects a significant decrease in weekly time spent on HPA between the ages of 13 and 27. Regarding the three different levels of intensity in male and female subjects, a significant increase was found in time spent on moderate activities, where female subjects were spending significantly more time on moderate activities than male subjects; both in male and female subjects, a significant decrease was found in time spent on vigorous activities: in male subjects a significant decrease was found in time spent on very vigorous activities, whereas in female subjects time spent at this level of activity remained more or less stable. For the total weighted activity score (METzwk 21 ), a significant decrease was found for both male (42%) and female subjects (17%). This decrease was significantly greater for male than for female subjects. Regarding more specific activities, it was found that in the course of time organized sports activities became relatively more important contributors to both weekly HPA time and energy expenditure, both in male and female subjects. Conclusions: Our data show a considerable decrease in HPA over a 15-yr period of time, both in male and female subjects. Differences between male and female subjects are predominantly caused by differences in time spent in moderate and very vigorous

Physical activity of young people: the Amsterdam Longitudinal Growth and Health Study.

TWISK, J. W. R., H. C. G. KEMPER, and W. van MECHELEN. Tracking of activity and fitness and the relationship with cardiovascular disease risk factors. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 32, No. 8, pp. 1455–1461, 2000.PurposeTo analyze tracking of daily physical activity and physical fitness (both cardiop

Tracking of activity and fitness and the relationship with cardiovascular disease risk factors

The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between physical activity and physical fitness during adolescence (between 13 and 16 years of age) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors at adult age (32 years). The following CVD risk factors were considered: lipoprotein levels (total serum cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), the TC:HDL ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and indicators for body fatness and body fat distribution (sum of four skinfolds, waist to hip ratio, waist circumference). The data were derived from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study, an observational longitudinal study in which eight repeated measurements were carried out over a period of 20 years. Physical fitness (measured by maximal oxygen uptake per kg bodyweight and by maximal slope reached on a treadmill test) during adolescence was related to a healthy CVD risk profile at the age of 32 years (i. e. inversely to the sum of four skinfolds, waist circumference and to total serum cholesterol). Physical activity during adolescence was not related to a healthy CVD risk profile at the age of 32 years.

The relationship between physical fitness and physical activity during adolescence and cardiovascular disease risk factors at adult age. The Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study

Background Regarding the analysis of RCT data there is a debate going on whether an adjustment for the baseline value of the outcome variable should be made. When an adjustment is made, there is a lot of misunderstanding regarding the way this should be done. Therefore, the aims of this educational paper are: 1) to explain different methods used to estimate treatment effects in RCTs, 2) to illustrate the different methods with a real life example and 3) to give an advise on how to analyse RCT data. Methods Longitudinal analysis of covariance, repeated measures analysis in which also the baseline value is used as outcome and the analysis of changes were theoretically explained and applied to an example dataset investigating a systolic blood pressure lowering treatment. Results It was shown that differences at baseline should be taken into account and that regular repeated measures analysis and regular analysis of changes did not adjust for the baseline differences between the groups and therefore lead to biased estimates of the treatment effect. In the real life example, due to the differences at baseline between the treatment and control group, the different methods lead to different estimates of the treatment effect. Conclusion Regarding the analysis of RCT data, it is advised to use longitudinal analysis of covariance or a repeated measures analysis without the treatment variable, but with the interaction between treatment and time in the model.

Different ways to estimate treatment effects in randomised controlled trials.

Because the magnitude of tracking coefficients (i.e., stability coefficients and tracking for subjects at risk) greatly depends on the initial age of subjects, the number and spacing of longitudinal measurements, and the length of the total time period, it is difficult to compare tracking coefficients from different studies with each other. Because in the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study both biologic (i.e., lipoproteins, blood pressure, body fatness, and cardiopulmonary fitness) and lifestyle (i.e., dietary intake, daily physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption) risk factors for coronary heart disease were measured, this study gives the unique possibility of comparing tracking coefficients of biologic and lifestyle risk factors within one data set. In the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study, six repeated measurements were carried out on 181 subjects over a period from 13 to 27 years of age, beginning in 1977. The results indicated that, over a period of 14 years covering adolescence and young adulthood, both stability coefficients and tracking for subjects at risk for lifestyle risk factors were low (except for smoking), indicating low predictability of early measurements for values later in life. For the biologic risk factors cardiopulmonary fitness and blood pressure, tracking was also low, while for the lipoproteins and body fatness, tracking was much better, indicating good predictability.

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Tracking of Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease over a 14-Year Period: A Comparison between Lifestyle and Biologic Risk Factors with Data from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study

J.W.R. Twisk

Papers

Physical activity of young people: the Amsterdam Longitudinal Growth and Health Study.

Tracking of activity and fitness and the relationship with cardiovascular disease risk factors

The relationship between physical fitness and physical activity during adolescence and cardiovascular disease risk factors at adult age. The Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study

Different ways to estimate treatment effects in randomised controlled trials.

Tracking of Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease over a 14-Year Period: A Comparison between Lifestyle and Biologic Risk Factors with Data from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study